1. Motivation
Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Hunger
Sexual motivation
The need to Belong
Motivation at Work

2. Perspectives on Motivation
Four perspectives to explain motivation include the following:
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives
OBJECTIVE 1| Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behaviors.

3. Motivation
Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.
But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

4. Drive Reduction Theory- Clark Hull
Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
Wants to maintain homeostasis.
When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive.
Primary versus Secondary drives
A food-deprived person who smells baking bread
(incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.

5. Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.
We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

7. Motivation of HUNGER

8. Biological Basis of Hunger
Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.
It comes from our…
Brain
What part of the brain?
The Hypothalamus
Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).

9. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
When stimulated it makes you hungry.
When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.
When stimulated you feel full.
When lesioned you will never feel full again.

10. Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
Wants to maintain a stable weight.
Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.
If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases. If weight is gained, the opposite takes place.

11. Psychological Aspects of Hunger
Internals versus Externals

12. Culture and Hunger
Mice Wine
Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for!
dog

13. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).
Vomiting, laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

14. Anorexia Nervosa
Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight.
See themselves as fat.
Vast majority are woman.
Click on the woman to watch a case study of an anorexic.

15. Obesity
Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues.
Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity.
Click on the pictures to see some case studies on obesity.

16. Reasons for Eating Disorders
Sexual Abuse: Childhood sexual abuse does not cause eating disorders.
Family: Younger generations develop eating disorders when raised in families in which weight is an excessive concern.
Genetics: Twin studies show that eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins.

17. Sexual Motivation Sexual Response cycle Hormones Sexual orientation
Studies!!

18. Kinsey’s Studies
Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s).
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual.
Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

19. Masters and Johnson Study –sexual response cycle
In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.
382 females and 312 males.

20. Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle
Phase
Physiological Response
Excitement
Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.
Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure.
Orgasm
Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release.
Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. Women resolve slower.

21. Sexual Orientation
There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined.
Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents.
1973 “Homosexuality is not a disease”

22. The Brain
Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.
Images hypothalamus activity

23. Prenatal Environment
Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment.
Homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep

24. The Need to Belong
“[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong.
OBJECTIVE 17| Describe the adaptive value of social attachments, and identify both healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong.
20th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.

25. Belongingness
Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking and emotions.
Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it.
Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones.
Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior.
Fortifying Health: People who tend to have close friends are happier and healthier.

26. Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work
Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)
Intrinsic Motivators
Extrinsic Motivators
Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..)
Work great in the short run.

27. Flow & Rewards
Flow is the experience between no work and a lot of work. Flow marks immersion into one’s work.
People who “flow” in their work (artists, dancers, composers etc.) are driven less by extrinsic rewards (money, praise, promotion) and more by intrinsic rewards.

28. Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
Applies psychological principles to the workplace.
Personnel Psychology: Studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers.
Organizational Psychology: Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.

29. Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators.
Theory X
Theory Y
Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment.
Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated.
Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs.
Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.
Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.