1. Skeletal System Review

2. 206 bones in the body
Cranium- 29 bones Spine- 26 bones Thorax- 25 bones Upper limbs- 64 bones Lower limbs- 62 bones

3. Function Provides structure and support Protects internal organs
Provides leverage for lifting and allows movement (through the muscles that attach to the bones)
Produces blood cells
Stores calcium from the body

4. Types of bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

5. Long bones Length of bones is greater than the width Femur Humerus
Tibia
Radius

6. Short Bones “blocky”, no relation between width and length Carpals
Tarsals

7. Flat bones
Parallel “plates” with layer of spongy bone
Scapula
Skull

8. Irregular Bones
Complex shape and structure
Facial bones
Vertebrae

9. Sesamoid bones Small bones found in tendons Patella
Sesamoid of the big toe

11. Structure of the long bone
Diaphysis
Long shaft of the bone
Epiphysis
Growth plate
Production of RBCs
Medullary Canal
Cavity in the diaphysis
Filled with yellow marrow
Fat cells

12. Structure of the long bone
Endosteum
Lining of the medullary canal
Keeps yellow marrow intact
Periosteum
Outside layer of the bone

14. 2 Parts of Skeleton system
Axial Skeleton
Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
Arms and legs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

15. Fractures
A crack or break in the bone
2 types
Closed
Open, compound

16. Avulsion Fracture
Bone fragment is torn away  occurs on the body where a ligament attaches to the bone
Can occur with an ankle sprain

17. Greenstick Fracture
Incomplete break in the long bone shaft, bone is partially bent
Usually occurs in children and adolescents

18. Stress Fracture Caused by repeated stress
Ex. Marathon running
Indicator is usually persistent pain
Bone scan  small fx

19. Impacted Fracture
One bone fragment becomes embedded in another Ex: rodeo sports and contact sports

20. Longitudinal (linear) Fracture
Bone splits or cracks lengthwise
Caused by a hard impact
Long jumpers

21. Oblique Fracture
One end receives torsion, the other end Is fixed

22. Spiral Fracture S- shaped fracture
Caused by having the foot planted and the upper part of the bone is violently twisted
basketball

23. Transverse Fracture
Occurs along the bone shaft at a right angle along the axis
Usually caused by a direct blow
Contact sports

24. Commmminuted Fracture
Break with 3 or more fragments
Contact sports

25. Standard Treatment- Compound Fracture
Apply sterile dressing
Stop bleed with pressure point…carefully!
Activate EMS

26. Standard Treatment- Any Fracture
Patient comfort
Activate EMS
Splint

27. HOW CAN FRACTURES BE CAUSED?
Direct Impact
Compression
Torsion
Indirect impact
Disease process (cancer)
Stress (running)
Sudden muscle contraction (seizure)

28. Splinting
A rigid device that holds parts of the body together and limits motion
Cardboard
SAM Splint
Magazinnes
Air splint
Vacuum splint
When splinting, be sure to continuously check the pulse to ensure proper circulation

30. Joints

31. Articulations
A joint; the point at which two or more bones meet

32. 3 types of joints 1. Fibrous Immovable
Includes the bones of the cranium, or skull

33. 3 types of joints 2. Cartilaginous Slightly movable
Includes the vertebrae of the spine

34. 3 types of joints 3. Synovial freely movable Includes the elbow, knee,
fingers, etc

35. How do joints stay connected?
Tendons- fibrous connective tissue around
a joint that connects muscle to bone
Ligament- a band of white, fibrous, connective
tissue that helps hold bone to bone

36. Other Parts of the Joint
Synovial Fluid- shock absorber, cushions ends of bones to reduce irritation
Bursa- sac filled with synovial fluid, reduces friction between tendons, bones, and ligaments
Meniscus- cartilaginous disc that reduces friction during movement and adds stability

37. Ball and Socket joint
A round end of the bone fits into a cup-like end of another bone, allowing for a wide range of movement
Hip, shoulder

38. Pivot joint
A projection fits through a ring made up of bone and ligament, allowing only pivoting movement
1st and 2nd vertebral joints, wrist

39. Hinge joint
A joint in which the two surfaces are molded together closely, allowing a wide range of flexion and extension along a single plane.
Elbow, knee

40. Saddle joint
A joint in which two surfaces, one convex and the other concave, fit together.
Thumb

41. Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint
A round or oval end of a bone fits into an oval cavity, allowing all types of movement except pivoting.
Wrist, metacarpals

42. Gliding joint
Two facing bone surfaces meet, allowing only gliding movement. Motion is limited by surrounding structures.
Wrist, ankle, vertebrae

43. Tissue Injury Compression Tension Shear Causes a crush to the tissue
Can result in a contusion
Tension
Force that pulls and stretches tissue
Can result in ligament or capsular sprains, muscle strains
Shear
Force that moves against the parallel organization of collagen fibers

44. Sprains
Overstretching or tearing of ligaments or other connective tissues caused by traumatic twisting of a joint
Sx: deformity, crepitation, point tenderness, and immediate swelling

45. Grade 1/ 1° sprain Minor tearing of the ligament(s) or capsule
+ mild point tenderness
+ mild loss of strength
- joint laxity
- decrease in ROM

46. Grade 2/ 2° sprain Partial tearing of the ligament(s) or capsule
+ swelling
+ point tenderness
+ decrease in ROM
+ some laxity, endpoint present
Moderate loss of function

47. Grade 3/ 3° sprain Complete tearing of the ligament(s) or capsule
+ swelling
+ point tenderness
+ laxity, endpoint not present
Complete loss of function
Abnormal motion
Possible deformity

48. Immediate Treatment
Protect
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate

49. Follow-up treatment Strengthening exercises
Flexibility exercises to increase ROM
Braces?

50. Dislocation
An injury resulting from a force that causes a joint to go beyond its normal anatomical limits
S&S
+ point tenderness
+ loss of strength
+loss of motion
+swelling
+deformity

51. Subluxation
Joint “feels” like it will slip out or dislocate but immediately will go back in

52. Immediate Treatment Check for pulse and sensation Why? Splint
Recheck pulse and sensation
Ice
Refer to physician

53. Follow up treatment
Same as with a sprain

54. Synovitis and Bursitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane in a joint, characterized by pain, localized tension and increased pain with movement
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa