1. 2002 Cotton Production Workshop Tifton, GA Culpepper and York

2. Topics for Discussion Burndown for conservation tillage
Liberty Link Technology
Roundup Ready Flex
Early-season weed competition
Touchdown + Dual Magnum
CGA = Envoke; Suprend
Aim (directed treatments
Valor (directed treatments)
Roundup resistance concerns
Tropical spiderwort
Morningglory
Palmer amaranth
Glyphosate formulations
Topics for Discussion

3. Cotton Burndown

4. Cotton Burndown Focus: cutleaf eveningprimrose
Put 2,4-D out in Feb/March followed by glyphosate or paraquat near planting
2. Apply glyphosate or paraquat + 2,4-D near planting (be aware of plant back interval)

5. Cotton Burndown
Put 2,4-D out in Feb/March followed by glyphosate or paraquat near planting
a) better weed coverage, smaller weeds
b) very flexible at planting
c) no plant back issues
d) tank hopefully cleaned out by now
e) two trips are necessary

6. Cotton Burndown
Apply glyphosate or paraquat + 2,4-D near planting (be aware of plant back interval)
plant back restrictions
weed coverage questionable
tank cleanout more of an issue
single application

7. If you want use 2,4-D then *Beware of plant back restrictions
Glyphosate plus Clarity* Or
Glyphosate plus Valor*
*Beware of plant back restrictions

8. Relative Response of Cutleaf Eveningprimrose to Glyphosate Tank Mixes.*
Harmony
Extra
Alone
Aim
Goal
Resource
Valor
Clarity
2,4-D
# of trials
*Estimates based on GA and NC data 30 DAT from 1999 to 2002.

9. Wheat Response to Glyphosate Applied Alone and in Mixture with Caparol
Wheat Response to Glyphosate Applied Alone and in Mixture with Caparol. Ponder Farm, 2001; 16 DAT.
Roundup UltraMax (1.6 pt) pt Caparol

10. Summary - cutleaf eveningprimrose
1. 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D, paraquat + 2,4-D
2. glyphosate + Valor or Clarity

11. Percent primrose control by Liberty. Tifton, 2002
Percent primrose control by Liberty. Tifton, day after treatment.* 93 85 56
20 oz 27 oz 32 oz
Liberty
*Not an economical option at this time.

12. Wild Radish

13. Wild Radish Impact on Cotton Emergence
Wild radish Cotton stand
residue* reduction
*percent of soil by weight. Jason Norsworthy, Clemson University.

14. Summary - Wild radish 1. glyphosate + 2,4-D, Harmony Extra
paraquat + 2,4-D, Direx, Harmony Extra
2. glyphosate + Valor, Direx
3. glyphosate

15. Liberty Link Cotton

16. Liberty Link (2003) Approximately 15 bags per sales rep
2 cultivars: 989 and 966 series, no Bt

17. Liberty Link (2004)
Liberty is expensive…..how will it compete

18. Liberty Link (2004) – One Possibility
Roundup Ready Seed + 2 application of glyphosate
equals (approximately)
Liberty Link Seed + 2 applications of Liberty (32 oz)

19. Liberty vs. Roundup* Weed Liberty Roundup Application window + -
Eveningprimrose
Goosegrass
Large grasses
Morningglory
Nutsedge
Palmer amaranth
Perennial grasses
Volunteer peanut
*Control of many weeds is similar. Assuming proper rates and application.

20. Pitted Morningglory Response to Liberty and Glyphosate
Pitted Morningglory Response to Liberty and Glyphosate. Moultrie, GA, 2001.
non-treated Liberty glyphosate
(27 oz/A) (0.75 lb ae/A)

21. non-treated Liberty (27.4 oz/A)
LL cotton trial, TyTy, 2001.

22. Palmer must be small for Liberty

23. Possible Liberty Link Systems
Yellow herbicide at plant,
Liberty 1-2 leaf topical,
Liberty 6-8 leaf topical,
timely directed
2. Yellow plus Cotoran or Staple,
Liberty timely 3- 6 leaf,

24. Roundup Ready Flex Will contain new transformation event
Greater gene expression in floral parts
Greater tolerance to later overtop applications
2006???

25. Roundup Ready Flex tolerance study. 2002
Roundup Ready Flex tolerance study Mechanically harvested seed cotton yield.
lb ae/A*
*Applied overtop 3-, 6-, 10-, and 14-leaf.
**Not in commercial variety.

26. Early Season Weed Competition
2 inch weeds inch weeds inch weeds
Application Timing

27. Early Season Competition
First 4 to 6 weeks still most important for weeds
2. Approximately 40% of time use PRE or be willing to make 2 topical applications following label recommendations.

28. Effect of PRE Herbicides on RR Seedcotton Yield.1
No PRE
Avg. 10 PRE’s
1460 a
1070 b
1Study in 1998 conducted at Goldsboro, NC.

29. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium
Trifloxysulfuron-sodium is a post-emergence, broad-spectrum, ALS inhibitor herbicide
Trifloxysulfuron will be marketed in two brands:
Envoke – 75WG trifloxysulfuron
Suprend – trifloxysulfuron + prometryn

30. Envoke New product from Syngenta Fourth quarter EPA work plan
Broadleaf and sedge herbicide, do NOT mix with graminicides
Short soil residual; limited PRE activity

31. Envoke vs. Staple* Weed Envoke Staple Application window +
Dayflower species
Morningglory
Nutsedge
Palmer amaranth
Prickly sida
Sicklepod
Smallflower mg**
Tall morningglory
*Assuming proper postemergence rates and application.
**Absolutely no control by Envoke

32. Zorial PRE + Envoke 0.0047 LB A/A
14 DAT

33. Envoke applied under Envoke applied under
favorable conditions dry conditions
14 DAT

34. Smallflower Morningglory Control. 14 DAT.
glyphosate Envoke

35. Mix with Staple or glyphosate:
Envoke
Mix with Staple or glyphosate:
Apparently NO

36. Where might Syngenta promote the herbicide?
Envoke
Where might Syngenta promote the herbicide?

37. Syngenta RR Cotton Herbicide Program
plus

38. Nutsedge Control with Envoke
Untreated check Glyphosate + Dual 1- to 2-leaf
Envoke 5- to 8-leaf

39. Injury Issues with Envoke
Expect some injury. Usually moderate but occasionally severe. Recovers quickly with no yield loss in most studies across Southeast.
Envoke lb/A OT 4-lf Non-treated Control

40. New cotton herbicide from Syngenta
Suprend
New cotton herbicide from Syngenta
Contains trifloxysulfuron-sodium + prometryn
at 1:133 ratio
Formulated as 80% WDG
Applied postemergence-directed
Use rate of 1 to 1.5 lb/acre
1.0 lb Suprend pt Caparol
1.5 lb Suprend pt Caparol
Broadleaf weeds and nutsedge; weak on grasses ~ ~

41. Syngenta Cotton Herbicide Program
+ Dual MAGNUM

42. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage
Do not use ANY additive, avoid dew

43. From glyphosate plus Dual
Injury Range
From glyphosate plus Dual

44. Cotton Response to Glyphosate + Dual*
heavy dew no dew
*Application with dew applied 7 am. Application without dew applied 11 am.

45. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage
Do not use ANY additives, avoid dew
Do not mix with staple

46. Do not apply Dual and Staple within a couple of days of each other
glyphosate + Dual glyphosate + Dual + Staple

47. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage
Do not use ANY additives, avoid dew
Do not mix with staple
Residual weed control of pigweeds, grasses, pusley, and spiderwort

48. glyphosate @ 4 leaf cotton + Dual Magnum 1 pt/A
1) Dayflower emerged 3 to 7 day after 4 leaf application. Rain 3 d after application.
2) Prowl applied PRE. No layby.

49. glyphosate @ 4 lf + 1 pt Dual Magnum
Attapulgus, 2001
*Irrigated within 48 hrs.

50. Dual vs. Staple in Glyphosate Topical Mixture*
Weed Dual Staple
Annual grasses
Dayflower species
Florida pusley
Morningglory
Nutsedge
Palmer amaranth
Sicklepod
Cost of treatment
*Assuming proper postemergence rates and application.

51. Do Not Use Dual PRE on Georgia Soils
Dual Magnum PRE

52. Aim Postemergence-directed
label claims control of:
pigweed species lambsquarters
cocklebur morningglory
velvetleaf spurred anoda
smartweed hemp sesbania
common ragweed

53. Tank mix with glyphosate to improve morningglory control
Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton
Tank mix with glyphosate to improve morningglory control

54. Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co
Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co., GA, 2001.
Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt
+ Aim 0.6 oz/A
*Trial conducted on farm in Irwin County with Gibbs Wilson.

55. Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton
What about tank mixing with other products for morningglory control?

57. Glyphosate + Aim Glyphosate alone
directed applications

58. Plant terminal response to Aim “running” the stem

59. Aim Application Timing
Treat Aim as a true layby directed herbicide applying when cotton is at least 16 inches tall and the stem is completely woody.

60. Valor for Layby (2004) 4th quarter 2003 EPA workplan
18 inch cotton or larger, completely “woody”
glyphosate plus 1-2 oz per acre
MSMA plus 2 oz per acre
postemergence control of most weeds
residual control of many weeds

61. Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co
Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co., GA, 2001.
Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt
UltraMax 1.6 pt + Valor 1 oz
*Trial conducted on farm in Irwin County with Gibbs Wilson.

62. Valor for Layby (2004)
Off-labeled use of this product in 2003 could jeopardize the potential for a 2004 label

63. Weed Resistance
to Glyphosate

64. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate:
Should We Be Concerned?

65. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate:
Should We Be Concerned?
ABSOLUTELY!

66. Known Cases of Resistance to Glyphosate
Species Location
Goosegrass Malaysia
Rigid ryegrass California, Australia,
South Africa
Italian ryegrass Chile
Horseweed Tennessee, Delaware

67. HORSEWEED

68. How Can We Deal With Resistance?
1. Take your chances, deal with it
if and when it happens
Manage to avoid it, or at least delay its development

69. Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance
1. Avoid over-reliance on same mode of action
a. Rotate modes of action
b. Use more than one MOA
Tank mixes, sequential applications

70. Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance
1. Avoid over-reliance on same mode of action
a. Rotate modes of action
MOA tables in Extension pubs or online
b. Use more than one MOA
Tank mixes, sequential applications
2. Integrate non-chemical control, such as
cultivation and primary tillage, where practical

71. Detecting Herbicide Resistance
Most control failures NOT due to resistance
Eliminate other possible causes first
Inadequate herbicide rate
Poor/improper application
Poor timing of application
Unfavorable weather
Later weed flushes
Antagonism by other pesticides

72. Indicators of Resistance
Performance poor on one species, other
species controlled well
Product normally controls weed in question
Poor control confined to spots in field
Some plants of species in question controlled
well, others controlled poorly

74. Year 1
Progression of
Herbicide Resistance
Year 3
Year 2
Year 4
Year 5

75. Weed Shifts are a greater issue at this time in Georgia cotton

76. Tropical
spiderwort
Asiatic dayflower Spreading dayflower

77. below ground fruiting structures
above ground below ground
seed seed

79. Spiderworts rank as Georgia’s Most troublesome weeds in cotton
1999: not ranked
2001: ninth
2003: number 1

80. Spiderwort response to Roundup UltraMax*
20 oz 0 oz oz oz
40 oz 0 oz 50 oz oz
*Pictures 15 d after treatment. No plants died from any treatment.

81. 37 “systems” evaluated at 2 locations to control tropical spiderwort in 2002.
Control at harvest:
< 50% control: 49
50 to 80% control: 19
80-90% control: 5
>90% control: 1

83. Grady Co. 2002

84. What do we know from 2002?
Greater than 85% residual control at 30 days:
Command
Dual (can not use at plant)
Greater than 70% residual control at 30 days:
Cotoran
Direx*
Zorial
*Caparol or Cotton-Pro not included in trial.

85. What do we know from 2002? Postemergence control (<3 inch):
1. Paraquat (Gramoxone, Boa) (>90%)
2. MSMA (2 lb/A) tank mixes (80-90%)
3. Glyphosate + Aim, Direx, Staple (70-85%)

86. What do we know from 2001-2002? Best system so far:
Prowl/Treflan at plant (no effect on spiderwort)
Glyphosate + Dual early POST
Direx (1 qt) + MSMA (2 lb/A) directed
All applications were EXTREMELY timely.

87. Percent tropical spiderwort control at cotton harvest
Percent tropical spiderwort control at cotton harvest. Grady County, 95 87 78 57
Yellow herbicide at plant; glyphosate + Dual early Post; Direx + MSMA directed

88. What do we know from 2002? We must get more residual in the program
Where do we put the residual
We must learn spiderwort emergence pattern
If you don’t have the weed; make sure you don’t get it.

89. Tropical Spiderwort Infestation
Red = severe
Orange = moderate
Green = light
Yellow = exist
Gray = not found

90. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
WHY??????

91. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
At plant:
Cotoran, Direx, Staple
Early Post:
Glyphosate, Staple, Staple Plus
Directed:
MSMA plus Caparol, Cobra, Cotoran, Direx, Staple,
glyphosate plus Aim, Caparol, Direx, Harvade, Staple

92. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
Timeliness of application
(i.e. large at time of application)
No residual in the system

93. Residual Morningglory Control?
Cotoran
Direx
Staple
Caparol

94. Fairly common scene at harvest across the state

95. Two Possible Issues? Pigweed is to large at time of layby
Pigweed comes up after layby

96. Two Possible Issues? Pigweed is to large at time of layby
a) add a preemergence herbicide such a yellow herbicide, Cotoran, Staple
b) Add Dual or Staple in at early POST

97. Two Possible Issues? 2. Pigweed comes up after layby
a) use layby option with residual activity such as Direx, Caparol, Prowl

98. Glyphosate
Formulations

99. Glyphosate Formulations
Numerous brands available
All registered for burndown,
selective applicators, and
preharvest
Most, but not all, registered
for use in RR crops

100. Registered Uses on Roundup Ready Crops
Brand Soybean Corn Cotton
Clearout 41 Plus Yes Yes Yes
Gly Yes Yes Yes
Gly-4 Plus Yes Yes Yes
Gly-Flo No Yes No
Glyfos Yes Yes Yes
Glyfos X-TRA Yes Yes Yes
Glyphomax Yes Yes Yes
Glyphomax Plus Yes Yes Yes
Gly Star Original Yes Yes Yes
Gly Star Plus Yes Yes Yes
Roundup Original Yes Yes No
Roundup UltraMax Yes Yes Yes
Roundup WeatherMax Yes Yes Yes
Touchdown Yes Yes Yes

101. Glyphosate Formulations
Numerous brands available
Three basic formulations

102. O O O O O O CH3 O O HO-C-CH2-N-CH2-P-OH H3NO-C-CH2-N-CH2-P-ONH3
Glyphosate acid
O O
H3NO-C-CH2-N-CH2-P-ONH3
Glyphosate diammonium salt = = = =
O O CH3
HO-C-CH2-N-CH2-P-OH2N-CH
CH3
Glyphosate isopropylamne salt
O O
HO-C-CH2-N-CH2-P-OK
Glyphosate potassium salt = = = =

103. Glyphosate Formulations
Some brands are “loaded”, some
require surfactant; AMS and drift
control agent can be added to any
Formulations and concentrations vary;
only way to compare use rates is on
the basis of acid equivalence

104. Basic Glyphosate Formulations
Formulation Brand lb salt/gal lb ae/gal
diammonium Touchdown
salt
potassium Roundup
salt WeatherMax
isopropylamine All except
salt the above

105. Formulation lb salt/gal lb ae/gal Comparative rates
IPA salt lb ae = 16 fl oz
0.563 lb ae = 24 fl oz
0.750 lb ae = 32 fl oz
IPA salt lb ae = 13.0 fl oz
0.563 lb ae = 19.5 fl oz
0.750 lb ae = 26.0 fl oz
DA salt lb ae = 16 fl oz
K salt lb ae = 10.7 fl oz
0.563 lb ae = 16.0 fl oz
0.750 lb ae = 21.3 fl oz

106. So, which brand of glyphosate
should you use?

107. So, which brand of glyphosate
should you use?
1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care

108. So, which brand of glyphosate
should you use?
1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care
2. Pricing is important

109. So, which brand of glyphosate
should you use?
1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care
2. Pricing is important
3. Also consider service and guarantees

110. So, which brand of glyphosate
should you use?
1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care
2. Pricing is important
3. Also consider service and guarantees
4. Should you consider future
developments in technology?

111. Roundup WeatherMax
1. Replacing UltraMax
2. Potassium salt
5.5 lb salt/gal; 4.5 lb ae/gal
3. 30-min rainfree warranty
4. Claim better activity under marginal
conditions
5. Better bulk handling characteristics

112. 2002 Cotton Production Workshop Tifton, GA Culpepper and York