1. AP World History Chapter 9
Expansion of African Trade

3. Africa Stateless Societies Common Elements in African Societies
Kinship fundamental
Secret societies
Common Elements in African Societies
Bantu migration
One language base, many dialects
Animism

4. Neolithic Cave Paintings North Africa
Hoggar
Neolithic Cave Paintings North Africa

5. The Arrival of Islam in North Africa
Conquest of Spain, by 711
Berber’s Convert to Islam
western Sahara and North Africa
assist conversion
Islam created in Berber culture
New social norms
New armies
Learned Men
Fervent Mystics
New political forms that replaced tribal chieftains

6. Arab Indian Ocean Sea Trade

7. Arab Traders

8. Unlike the conquests of previous religions and cultures, the coming of Islam, which was spread by Arabs, was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on the Magreb. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of Berber society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics, and in large part replacing tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms.
Nonetheless, the Islamization and Arabization of the region was a complicated and lengthy process. Whereas nomadic Berbers were quick to convert and assist the Arab conquerors, it was not until the 12th century, under the Almohad Dynasty, that the Christian, Jewish and animist communities of the Maghreb became marginalized.
The first Arab military expeditions into the Maghreb, between 642 and 669 CE, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. But, when the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus, the Umayyads (a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under Ugba ibn Nafi established the town of Qayrawan about 160 kilometers south of present-day Tuns and used it as a base for further operations.
Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled.
The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate due to the discriminatory attitude of the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, at worst, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took the form of open revolt in under the banner of Ibadin Islam. The Ibadin had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's seemingly egalitarian precepts.
In the power hierarchy, Berbers were situated between the Arabic aristocracy and the Muladi populace. Ethnic rivalry was one of the most important factors driving Analusi politics. Berbers made up as much as 20% of the population of the occupied territory. After the fall of the Caliphate, the Taifa kingdoms of Toledo, Badajoz, Malega and Granada had Berber rulers. During the Reconquista, Berbers in the areas which became Christian kingdoms were hispanised and lost their distinct identity, their descendants being among present-day Spaniards.