1. Pre-_____________________
Ch 8, p. 143
The Peoples of N America and Mesoamerica

2. Ch 8.1 Vocab
____________
Clan
Tepee

3. Early N American Societies
Early hunters/gatherers
Ppl crossed land bridge from Asia during last Ice Age
Farming around ___________
___________
Large cities, sometimes w/ populations over 10,000 (Cahokia)

4. Early Societies, Cont’d.
The ___________
NE of Mississippian ppl
Lived in longhouses
Farming + h & g
Lots of warring, UNTIL
____________________________________________, and form a Grand Council to settle differences

5. Early Societies, Cont’d.
___________
Farming and buffalo hunting
Meat, shelter, clothing
___________ to create extensive farms
Multistory pueblos
Chaco Canyon
Mesa Verde

6. Query
What might have caused early peoples to move away from h & g and to start farming?
__________________________________________________________________________________

7. The Maya Rise and Fall – 300 to 900 AD City-states
Yucatan Peninsula, _________________________ ____________________________________________
City-states
Some with more than 100,000 ppl
Governed by hereditary ruling class
Lots of warring

8. The Maya, Cont’d. Social Structure Religion
_________________________________________
Rulers > Nobles > Priest-Scribes > Peasants
Religion

9. The Maya, Cont’d. Religion… Writing
_____________________________________________________________________________
So, best to appease gods with ritual and human sacrifice
Writing

10. Mayan Calendar! _________________________________
Based on cycles of creation and destruction
Counted in solar years and sacred years
Sacred years were interpreted by priests only
Mathematics for astronomical purposes…
End of times!

11. The Toltec From N and C Mexico, 950 to 1150 AD
Fairly large population and strong agriculture
Also practiced human sacrifice and built pyramids
__________________________________________________________________
Gold, silver & copper

12. The Aztec Founded city of Tenochtitlan in 14th century Triple Alliance
In Valley of Mexico
__________________________________________________________________
Triple Alliance
w/ neighboring city-states of Tetzcoco and Tlacopan
Made Aztecs super powerful in Mexico

13. The Aztec, Cont’d. Politics and Social
Ruled by a monarch, descended from gods
Used a council of nobles and officials
_____________________________________________________________________________
Noble males served in military, gov’t. and priesthood
Everyone else: indentured workers, slaves, and commoners

14. The Aztec, Cont’d. Religion Then the Spanish arrive
_____________________________________________________________________________
Human sacrifice
Ometeotl, Huitzilopochli, and Quetzalcoatl
Then the Spanish arrive
1500s
________________________________________________________________________________________

15. Ch 8.1 Discussion & Review
T/F: The Maya built pyramids topped with shrines to the gods.
___________
What mesoamerica group first introduced metal working?
Many mesoamerican religions believed in a constant spiritual struggle btwn ______ and _______.
________________

16. Early S American Civilizations
Ch 8.2, p. 153

17. Early S American Civilizations
Three different civs:
___________
Chavin
Starts around 900 BC, little is known except for large temples and pottery

18. Early S American Civilizations
Nazca
______________________________
Preserved Chavin style of pottery
No big temples though
Grooves in rocky soil that create images of animals, humans and geometric forms.
Who knows why? Maybe religious practice, maybe aliens.

19. Early S American Civilizations
________________
Developed near Ecuador around 300 AD
In a river valley near Pacific Ocean
Grew maize, peanuts, potatoes, and cotton
w/ sophisticated irrigation
Pottery depicts lots of warfare
BUT no written language
Eventually replaced by another kingdom (Chimor) in 700s

20. Query
What are the advantages of living near an ocean, as the Moche did?
________________________________________
What crops were first cultivated by South American civilizations?
______________

21. The Inca Empire Pachacuti Initially only a small Andean community
Then, in mid 1400s, Pachacuti decided to conquer lots of territory
___________________________________________________________________________

22. Inca, Cont’d. Mighty empire ______________________________
As many as 12 million ppl
Huge army, all young men required to serve
______________________________
Forced ppl to learn Quechua language
Inca noble governed new lands
_________________________________________________________________________

23. Inca, Cont’d. Government __________________
Empire divided into 4 parts
Governor for each
Each quarter was further split into provinces
__________________
All Incans required to work on building projects for a few weeks a year
Often had to travel vast distances

24. Inca, Cont’d.
Social Org
Strict organization, men and women had to select spouses from tribal groups
Weaving and child care were the main tasks for women
_____________________________________
Commoners receive vocational training
Agriculture, service to community
Nobles receive formal education
Four years: Quechua language, religion, quipu, and social studies/math

25. Ch 8.2 Discussion & Review
Which Incan leader conquered most of Pacific coastal South America?
___________
T/F: Incan ppl kept historical and mathematical records with advanced calculus.
______________________
Which civilization absorbed some of the Chavin culture?