1. Evolution The Unifying Theory of Zoology

2. Contemporary Scientific History of the Universe
13.7 billion years in 30 volumes
-each volume = 450 pages
-each page = 1 million years
Big Bang, p. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Origin of Earth
Dinosaurs pp
Modern Humans
p. 450,
last sentence
Life Begins
Complex Animal Life

3. What is Evolution?

4. Evolution = Descent with Modification
Species originate as modified descendants of other species.
Biological evolution is the origin of new species from previously existing ones over time.

5. “As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive, and as consequently there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of survival and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.”
Charles Darwin,
The Origin of Species

6. Darwin’s Theory
If there is a struggle for existence…
If heritable variations exist among members of a population…
If these variations affect survival and/or reproduction…
Then species will change over time.

7. There is a struggle for existence.If
Species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support.
Darwin calculated that even one slow-breeding female elephant could give rise to 19,000,000 elephants after 750 years if all of her young survived and reproduced at the same rate. Obviously, the environment cannot support all elephants that are born.

8. Heritable variations exist.If
An impressive amount of variation exists within living species.
Breeders of animals and plants use these diverse characteristics to establish new varieties of dogs, cats, pigeons, wheat, cotton, corn, and other domesticated organisms.

9. Variations affect survival & reproduction.If
Certain individuals possess inherited traits that make them more likely than other individuals to survive and/or reproduce.
“Differential survival and reproduction”

10. Species will change over time.
Then
Evolution in Action

11. Populations evolve, not individuals.
Individuals may change throughout their lifetimes, but this is not evolution.
Evolution occurs across many generations.
Over time, populations acquire new characteristics that enhance their ability to survive and/or reproduce in a given environment.
Evolution Simulator

12. Variations are “Random”
Mutation and sexual recombination occur randomly.
The variations that occur do not anticipate the “needs” of the organism.
In this sense, “random” does not mean that anything can happen.

13. Natural Selection is NOT Random
Genetic variation occurs randomly, but natural selection is NOT random.
Genetic variations that aid survival and reproduction are more likely to become common than variations that do not.
Nature imposes a direction to evolutionary development. Though dolphins are more closely related to humans than they are to sharks, they have evolved bodies adapted to an aquatic environment.

14. Evolution is About Consequences
Evolution is historically contingent, that is, “windows of opportunity” constantly open and close.
Once certain changes have occurred, the range of possible future changes is permanently altered.

15. “Windows of Opportunity”
Proganochelys
210 million years ago
The earliest turtles could not retract their necks.
side neck turtles
(southern hemisphere)
vertical neck turtles
(northern hemisphere)
Later, two distinct forms of neck retraction evolved.
With the extinction of the turtles that could not retract their necks, the possibility that another form of neck retraction would evolve was lost.

16. Evolution is Predictive
Until recently, the oldest known bats in the fossil record, like modern bats, could fly and echolocate.
Scientists long wondered which ability came first, and they predicted the existence of fossil species that had one, but not both, of these abilities.
Icaronycteris index
~50 mya
Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon
~47 mya

17. Onychonycteris finneyi
Prediction Confirmed!
Flying evolved first, echolocation came after.
Onychonycteris finneyi is the most primitive known species of bat
Lacks evidence of echolocation.
Short, broad wings with claws on all five fingers (modern bats have no more than two claws).
Longer hind legs and broader tail than modern bats.
Shorter forearms than modern bats suggest less efficient flying.
Onychonycteris finneyi
~52.5 mya

18. Evolution is Predictive Odontochelys semitestacea
Turtles have a shell and no teeth, both unique traits among reptiles.
Scientists predicted that the oldest turtles should show evidence of these changes.
November 2008: The oldest known turtle, Odontochelys (from 220 million years ago), has an incomplete shell and a full set of teeth.

19. Evolution is Testable Human & Ape Chromosome Numbers
These scientists were not limited to simply noting the similarities in the chromosomes.
They were able to use evolutionary theory to consistently predict what they would later confirm to be correct.
Video

20. Is Evolution a Theory or a Fact?
Evolution is both a fact and a theory.
Scientists no longer really question the basic fact that evolution has occurred. The concept of common descent has withstood nearly 150 years of extensive testing.
There are various competing theories used to explain HOW evolution happens.

21. Is Evolution Controversial?
The socio-political controversy stems from the notion science is trying to explain phenomena that some religions have already explained.
The genuine scientific disagreements concern technical points about how evolution happens, not whether it has occurred.

22. Conclusion
“Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.”
Theodosius Dobzhansky
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