1. World War I

2. Causes of WWI – MANIA!
Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war
Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on another
Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country
Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically.
Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand

3. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
Militarism
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%

4. Alliances
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente

8. Nationalism
At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany in Another result was that France lost Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major goal of the French. Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, areas comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungary's Pan-Germanism.

9. Imperialism
Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution.
These countries competed for economic expansion in Africa. Although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises foreshadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa.
In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia.

10. European Conquest of Africa

11. First Punch Gets Thrown

12. Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

14. Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

15. Domino Effect
Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

16. Domino Effect Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

17. Allied Powers
Central Powers
World War I

18. Why was WWI a Stalemate? What’s a stalemate?
Neither side can make a move to win.
Machine gun. How did this change war? How was it fought before?
Trench Warfare = “solution”.
Millions die without gaining ground.

22. What new weapons were used in WWI?
Machine gun
Poison gas
Submarine
Airplane
Tank
Why these weapons? Why now?
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!!

29. What were the results? Germany surrendered.
Allies impose Treaty of Versailles.
Declares Germany guilty for war.
Germany must pay reparations to Allies.
This sets the stage for WWII!
League of Nations formed to try to prevent war in the future.

30. Casualties? Total troops mobilized by all countries in WW1 65,038,810
Total troops dead from all countries in WW1 8,556,315
Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1 21,219,452
Total missing or POWs 7,750,945

32. TIMELINE
1914
July 29 ~ Britain warns Canada of deteriorating situation in Europe.
Aug 02 ~ Canada offers Britain troops for overseas service.
Aug 05 ~ Britain declares war. Canada is automatically at war.
Aug 06 ~ Britain accepts Canada's offer of troops.
Aug 19 ~ The first volunteers begin to arrive at Valcartier camp.
Sept 04 ~ Aproximately 32,000 men have assembled at Valcartier.
Oct 14 ~ 1st contingent C.E.F. arrives in England.
Dec 21 ~ Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry arrives in France. The first Canadian unit committed to battle in the Great War.

33. The Second Battle of Ypres
April – May, 1915

34. As It Began This was the first major battle for the Canadians
This was also the first time Chlorine gas was used on the Western Front.

35. Gas! Gas! Gas!
None of the soldiers understood what chemical weapons were or what they could do to a person.

36. Gas! Gas! Gas!

37. Gas! Gas! Gas!
Gas was not really effective for killing soldiers, but it did frighten and demoralize them
Only about 4% of battle deaths were the result of gas, but many more were injured
Tear gas and mustard gas would not kill the soldiers, but it would blind them, hurt their lungs. These soldiers needed medical help.
Often it is better to injure a soldier than kill him, because more people are needed to look after an injured person. Less people would be fighting.
Chlorine gas and phosgene gas were meant to kill
Men who survived these attacks were often injured for life

38. Chlorine Gas
57,350 canisters (160 tons) of chlorine gas was released by the Germans
The gas is an acid that eats away at the lining of the eyes, nose, throat, ears, and skin of its victim.

39. The Battle British troops were to the right of the Canadians.
Algerian and French troops were to the left.
The gas attack first hit the Algerians who, not knowing what it was, fled the field.

40. The Battle
Seeing the 6.5 km gap left in the line by the fleeing soldiers, the Canadians thinned their own line to cover the gap.
They, too were hit with gas, but these men did not retreat. Instead, they soaked their handkerchiefs in urine, wrapped them around their noses and mouths, and held the line.
There was fierce fighting in Kitchener’s Woods, but the Canadians pushed the Germans back to their own line.
Over the next few days the Canadians pulled back their line.
This was because they didn’t have enough men to keep such a long line secure – they had to shorten it.

42. After the battle Canadian troops earned four Victoria Crosses that day
59,000 allied casualties
6,000 Canadian dead,
missing or wounded
The Canadian reputation as a
tough fighting force was born
John McRae wrote the very famous poem, “In Flanders Fields”

43. In Flanders Fields
John McCrae was a 41 year old surgeon when the Great War began
He had served in the Boer War (South Africa)
Was a popular teacher at McGill University
A bit shy. Had lots of friends, but very few close friends
When he joined the war, he went to Montreal to prepare for the war

44. In Flanders Fields
When they were both sent to fight in the 2nd Battle of Ypres, Helmer was on the battlefield leading his men, and McCrae was setting up the surgery.
One of the duties of the doctors is to triage patients
Green means you can wait
Red means you can be saved if you get into surgery fast
Black means you are still alive, but there is no hope that you will live

45. In Flanders Fields
Helmer was wounded in battle, and McCrae had to triage him – black
After the work was over, he found his friend’s grave, and was very upset
McCrae sat in the back of an ambulance and wrote one of the most famous poems in the Western world – In Flanders Fields

46. In Flanders Fields
In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.

47. Ypres Remembers
Today a memorial marks the spot of Canada’s amazing stand.

50. Aftermath of the First World War

51. “Picture Book Assignment”
Reading and talking about major conflicts fails to provide a true understanding of these events.
This is why you are going make a picture event of the First World War, showing a more realistic side of this historical event.