1. The Rise of Dictatorships and the beginnings of WWII

2. Causes Extreme situations call for extreme governments
People are afraid of disorder
Order at the cost of personal freedom

3. Dictators
Dictator: a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained power by force.
Prominent Dictators of the Time
Stalin – Communist Russia
Mussolini – Fascist Italy
Hitler – Fascist Germany
Can you think of any more? (Modern or past)

4. Fascist governments CHARACTERISTICS Control the media
Use propaganda to control people
Infallible leader
Myth

5. Joseph Stalin Took control after the death of Lenin Cruel leader
Agricultural and economic reforms to ready Russia for war vs. Capitalism
Totalitarian state: imposing a form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life, the individual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed

6. Benito Mussolini Came to power in 1922 Il Duce {The Leader}
Opposed to democracy and communism

7. Germany after World War I
GERMANY POST-WWI
Treaty of Versailles: the peace treaty after WWI
Article 231: War Guilt Clause
Reparations
Hyper inflation
Stock market crash affected Germany most

8. Gustav Stresemann Chancellor of the Weimar Republic 1923
Tried to get Germany back on their feet

9. How did Gustav Stresemann improve the situation?
YEARS OF RECOVERY
How did Gustav Stresemann improve the situation?
Resolved currency problems German currency was useless
Withdrew all old money (mark) and replaced it with a new currency (rentenmark) which had proper financial backing
Boosted people’s confidence in the new currency

10. YEARS OF RECOVERY 1924-1929 Improved international relations
How did Gustav Stresemann improve the situation?
Improved international relations
Signed Locarno treaty (1925) with allies, agreeing not to recapture lost lands
Gained confidence of former enemies
Allies withdrew troops from Rhineland in 1929, five years ahead of schedule
Amount to repay reduced from 6,600 million pounds to 1,850 million pounds (Dawes Plan)
USA gave loans and increased investment in Germany
Germany was able to recover economically-> increased confidence in government

11. THE DEPRESSION YEARS 1929 - 1933 Wall Street Crash 1929
Germany had come to rely almost totally on US loans and investments
American bankers demanded that German loans be repaid
American businessmen withdrew their investments
USA and other countries had less money to buy German goods
Factories closed, leading to unemployment
German economy collapsed totally
People blamed the government (again)

12. Adolf hitler Born April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria
Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945
Offered hope in time of despair

13. Rise of Hitler Hitler claimed that he had the answers
Provided make work projects: Autobahn
Abolished all other political parties
Found scapegoats – Jews
Use of paramilitary groups
Failure of Weimar Government

15. Article 48 {how Hitler took control of the government}
Art. 48. If a state fails to perform the duties imposed upon it by the federal constitution or by federal law, the President may enforce performance with the aid of the armed forces. If public order and security are seriously disturbed or endangered within the Federation, the President may take all necessary steps for their restoration, intervening, if need be, with the aid of the armed forces. For the said purpose he may suspend for the time being, either wholly or in part, the fundamental rights

16. Nuremburg Laws
ARTICLE 3. Only citizens of the Reich, as bearers of full political rights, can exercise the right of voting in political matters, and have the right to hold public office.
ARTICLE 4. (1) A Jew cannot be a citizen of the Reich. He cannot exercise the right to vote; he cannot hold public office. (2) Jewish officials will be retired as of December 31, 1935.

17. Kristallnacht or Crystal Night
November 9, 1938 – German mobs attack businesses and Jewish synagogues
The breaking of glass = Crystal Night
Violence against the Jewish people
Jews were billed for the damages

18. Appeasement March 1938 – Anschluss (Austria becomes a part of Germany)
September 1938 – Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia
March 1939 – takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
August 1939 – signs Nazi-Soviet Pact
September 1939 – Poland falls

19. The Road to War
Japan invades Manchuria September 18, 1931
China asks League of Nations for help
Japan leaves League of Nations
Italy attacks Abyssinia {October 3, 1935} France and Britain reluctant to do anything (wanted Italy for an ally vs. Germany)
1936 – Hitler enters the Rhineland
Spanish Civil War {July 1936 – 1939} – Communism and Democracy vs. Fascism

20. Japan in Manchuria

21. Canada’s Response
Canada like America remained isolationists
Why?
Memories of WWI, Great Depression, and harsh Treaty of Versailles
PM Mackenzie King thought Hitler was peaceful
Did not accept Jewish refugees (the St. Louis)

23. What is being inferred by this cartoon?

24. What is happening in this picture?

26. Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939