1. Population: Contemporary Period
Immigration was encouraged to provide presence in the new territory.
Railway networks led to settlement of west.
Industrialization led to urbanization – which had negative consequences.
Arable land became scarce.
Migration to the US increased.

2. Industrialization, Urbanization and Migration 1885 to 1930
As a result of immigration policies, the west became more settled. With it, the demand for more goods.
The second wave of industrialization began – cities like Toronto and Montreal (both with rail) became centres.
Villages were also created around these centres – to service surrounding areas.
Facilities were inadequate: homes built poorly, waste collection was bad as were sewage, & aqueducts.
See document 115, page 68.

4. Was has remained the same and what has changed?
Montreal in 1700’s
Montreal in 1892

5. Describe the living condition in the working class areas of big cities?

6. Living conditions sources
Rapid Population growth
Poor housing, unsanitary living conditions

7. Church and government promote colonization of the ‘North’ in order to preserve French language and Catholic Religion
French Canadians emigrate to US (more jobs, no farms at home)

8. What motivated the French Canadiens to migrate to the U.S ?
Textile factory worker in new england

9. What motivated the French Canadiens to migrate to the U.S ?
Textile factory worker in New England
I migrated to the U.S because there was not enough farmland for me and my family and the wages here in the US are far better than in canada

10. What motivated the French Canadiens to migrate to the U.S ?1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

11. What motivated the French Canadiens to migrate to the U.S ?1.
Shortage of farmland forced farmers to look elsewhere 2.
The railway being developed helped the geographical mobility of the population 3.
The proximity of the American border facilitated movement. 4.
Wages in U.S industries were better than the wages in Canadian industries. 5.
Modernization of agricultural tools and techniques in the 19th century reduced the need for manual labour.

12. Why did the church push to have new regions in Québec colonized?
Francois –Xiavier Antoine Labelle, ‘ The King of the North ‘ ( p 74)
Mgr Louis-Francois Lafleche ( doc 126 , p 73

13. Why did the church push to have new regions in Québec colonized?
Francois –Xiavier Antoine Labelle, ‘ The King of the North ‘ ( p 74)
We want to colonize territory further north in the province of Quebec. We want to create a french catholic communities independent from english influence in lower canada
Mgr Louis-Francois Lafleche ( doc 126 , p 73
We want to show patriotism and true to our french catholic identity.

14. Immigration in the Contemporary Period

15. How did Immigration in Canada change over time? What stayed the same?

16. How did immigration change during WWI ?
In 1913, approx. 400,000 immigrants arrived in Canada, in 1915, that number was 36,665.
Immigration policies excluded people considered to be undesirable – those from ‘enemy’ countries (German, Italy, Hungary- Austria).

17. How did immigration change during WWI ?
1919 Immigration Act: classified immigrants in terms of their “assimilation potential” maintaining British character. Could also deport those who spoke out. Remained unchanged until the 60’s.
…but I have a different faith !

18. WW II & Immigration
Very few immigrants welcomed. Protectionist against people from enemy countries… attitudes were xenophobic and anti- Semitic.
Japanese, Italian and Germans were placed in labour camps.

19. Canada closed its borders during WWII
Jewish people trying to escape persecution in Europe were turned away from Canada. Many ended up in cencentratio n camps.

20. Immigration before the 1960’s was discriminatory
Immigration act changed through out the contemporary period
British only
1950’s Water tap – turn off the flow of immigrants when there are too many
See source 148 on page 84

21. How did immigration change in the 1960’s and 1970’s?
1960’s – tried to put an end to racial discrimination by giving priority to those with professional qualifications and could speak English or French.

22. What does the following chart tell us about how the immigration policy changed?

23. What was the baby boom?

24. What does the following graph tells us about when the boom began and ended?

25. Natural growth 1930-1980 :What happened after The 2nd World War?
Canadian men returned from War
Canadian women who had helped in the War effort no longer had jobs and returned to the home.

26. Baby Boom
End of WW II – returning of troops, marriages and births increased.
Fertility rates were high, and mortality rates (generally high) dropped. More women were giving birth in hospitals.
Population became younger – creation of schools, hospitals.

27. Explain how the babyboom changed the territory
Explain how the babyboom changed the territory. In your answer you must present details on each of the elements below and establish the connections between them:
The demographic situation before the war
The demographic situation after the war
The change in the territory

28. 1960’s
Birth rate dropped. Quiet revolution, women entered workforce, had fewer children.
Birth control was more pervasive. Traditional large families changed to 1 or 2 children families.
Fewer marriages took place, and the Divorce Act was loosened creating more divorces.