1. Chapter 10 Notes

2. 10-1: What is an Animal?
Biologists have described over 1 million species of animals on earth.
Review Question: What is a “species”?
Answer: A group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.
Think of two very different animals…
What makes them both animals?

3. Characteristics of ALL Animals:
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Characteristics of MOST Animals:
Reproduce sexually
Can move from place to place

4. cells- tissues- organs- organ system-organism
Multicellular- How animal cells are organized
cells- tissues- organs- organ system-organism
In other words: many cells together form tissues; many tissues together form organs; many organs together form organ systems; and many organ systems together form an organism.
Example:
nerve cell- nervous tissue- brain- nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)- nervous system + digestive system + skeletal system + (etc.) - human

5. Heterotrophs- How animals obtain food
Animals cannot make their own food.
Animals must obtain their food by eating other organisms.
Most animals take in food into a digestive system that breaks the food down into smaller substances the body can use for energy.

6. Sexual Reproduction- How animals reproduce
Most animals reproduce sexually.
Review: Sexual reproduction is the process by which a male sex cell and a female sex cell unite to form a new individual with combined characteristics from both parents. Example- reptiles, birds, mammals
Some animals reproduce asexually.
Review: Asexual reproduction is the process by which a single organism produces a new organism identical to itself. Example- hydra

7. Movement- How animals move
Most animals move in some way.
Many animal movements are related to obtaining food, reproducing, or escaping danger.
Some animals do not move.
At some point in their life cycle, some animals are sessile- meaning they stay attached to a surface. However, most of these animals have a stage of their life cycle in which they do end up moving.

8. How Animals Meet Their Needs
Animals need to obtain water, food, and oxygen from their environment, or surroundings.
Water- animals need water for chemical reactions to take place in their bodies.
Food- Provides the raw material for animals to grow and create energy to carry out life activities.
Oxygen- Cells need oxygen to release that energy gained from food.
*Some animals get oxygen from air, and some get it from water.

9. Animals also need to be able to respond to their environment.
* to find food
* to escape danger
Animals bodies and behaviors are adapted to for such tasks.
Adaptation- characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment to reproduce.
Examples of adaptations:
A bird’s curved beak to eat seeds, fruit, and nuts
A frog is shaded dark on top and light on the bottom to blend into its surroundings.

10. Adaptations for Getting Food
Three types of Heterotrophs:
Herbivores- Animals that only eat plants.
Examples- grasshoppers, snails, cows, pandas
Adaptations- broad, flat teeth that aid in grinding through tough plants; long digestive tracts that help break down plants for energy.
2) Carnivores- Animals that only eat other animals.
Examples- Predators that hunt and kill other
animals.
Prey that are hunted and feed upon.
Adaptations- Predators have speed, sharp claws, great hearing and eyesight to capture prey and sharp teeth to help cut and stab their food.

11. Adaptations for Escaping Dangers
Omnivores- Animals that eat both plants and animals
Examples- Grizzly Bear, Humans
Adaptations- combination of herbivore and carnivore adaptations for a variety of food needs.
Adaptations for Escaping Dangers
Animals also have adaptations that aid them in avoiding predators.
Examples: hard shells, spiny skins, playing “dead”, stingers, claws, bitter tasting flesh, smelly sprays, camouflage.

12. Classification of Animals Classification Review: Kingdom Phylum Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Branching Tree Diagram Review: (pg. 314)
The closer the branches, the more closely related the animals are.
Working from the bottom to the top, the tree shows the order in which the animals evolved over time.

13. Invertebrate- an animal that does not have a backbone.
One other important characteristic that Biologists use to classify animals is the presence or absence of a backbone.
Invertebrate- an animal that does not have a backbone.
Examples: jellyfish, worms, snails, crabs, insects
* About 95% of animals on earth are invertebrates
Vertebrate- an animal that has a backbone.
Examples: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

14. Last to Evolve
Closely Related
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
First to Evolve

15. WHITEBOARD REVIEW
Where would you look on the tree to find the common ancestor of all the organisms on the tree?
How would you divide the tree into two major classifications (hint: dotted line from notes)?
What invertebrate group is most closely related to vertebrates?
What group do crustaceans, insects, centipedes and spiders belong to (hint: what do they branch off of? )?
What characteristic do all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals have in common (hint: what branch do they branch off of? )?

16. Symmetry- balanced arrangement of characteristics.
The Mathematics of Symmetry
Line of Symmetry- imaginary line drawn that produces two identical halves.
Bilateral Symmetry- One single line of symmetry that results in halves that are mirror images.
Examples: butterfly, oak leaf, tiger

17. Examples: sea anemone, sea urchins, jellyfish
Radial Symmetry- Many lines of symmetry that go through one central point; any of them can result in identical halves.
Examples: sea anemone, sea urchins, jellyfish
On the images below, draw in the line(s) of symmetry:

18. Animals with Radial Symmetry
The external body parts of animals with radial symmetry are equally spaced around a central point.
Because of the circular arrangement of parts, animals with radial symmetry do not have distinct front and back ends.
Common Characteristics of MOST Radial Symmetrical Animals:
Live in water (ALL)
Do not move very fast (or are sessile)
Water carries food to them
*In general, radial symmetrical animals are less complex than animals with bilateral symmetry.

19. Animals with Bilateral Symmetry
Think of a Fish:
When you divide it down its one line of symmetry, each half has one eye, ½ of the pairs of fins, one set of gills, etc.
Common Characteristics of MOST Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals:
Have a front and back end; lead movements with front end.
Move quickly and more efficiently because of streamlined/balanced body plan.
Sense organs are located in the front end to sense what is ahead of them.
*In general, bilaterally symmetrical animals are more complex and larger than animals with radial symmetry.

20. Directional Terminology in Animals:
Dorsal- The “top” side of an animal.
Ventral- The “belly” side of an animal.
Anterior- The “head” end of an animal.
Posterior- The “rear” end of an animal.
Example:
Dorsal
Posterior
Anterior
Ventral

21. Chapter 12 Notes

22. 12-1: Evolution of Vertebrates
Chapter 10 review Questions:
1) What is a vertebrate?
Answer: Any animal that has a backbone.
2) According to the branching tree we studied, what was the first vertebrate to evolve and appear on earth?
Answer: Fishes
3) What are the other four groups of vertebrates?
Answer: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

23. The Chordate Phylum
Vertebrates are a subgroup of a phylum called Chordata.
Members of Chordata are called Chordates- animals that *at some point during their lives have the following:
1) a notochord – a flexible rod that supports the animal’s back.
2) a nerve cord
3) slits in the throat area

24. If only some animals keep these three characteristics for their entire life, then what happens to them as they develop and grow?
Notochord- develops into the backbone, which could be made of actual bone or cartilage- a connective tissue that is softer than bone, but flexible and strong.
Nerve cord- In almost all cases, stays for an entire lifetime as a “spinal cord.”
Slits in the Throat Area (pharyngeal slits)- Fish keep them throughout life as gills. Other animals lose them as lungs develop.

25. The Backbone and Endoskeleton
Structure of the Backbone:
The individual bones that make up the backbone or spine are called vertebrae lined up in a row.
Joints between the vertebrae are flexible “discs” that allow you the bend.
Each vertebrae has a hole in the center that allows the spinal cord to pass through.

26. A vertebrates backbone is part of an endoskeleton, or internal skeleton.
The endoskeleton:
Supports and protects the body
Helps give it shape
Gives muscles a place to attach
Other parts of the endoskeleton include the skull, ribs, and sometimes leg and arm bones.

27. Important Characteristics of an Endoskeleton:
Unlike an Exoskeleton (external skeleton, like on an arthropod)
It grows as the animal grows
It helps support the body against gravity but still allows for easy movement
* Because of these two things, most vertebrates can grow bigger than invertebrates and react better to environmental changes than animals with exoskeletons.
I will never be a man-eating giant bug because my exoskeleton doesn’t grow!

28. Maintaining Body Temperature
One Characteristic that distinguishes one type of vertebrate from another is the way they control their body temperature.
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles- Their body temperature is close to that of its environment.
Therefore, we call fishes, amphibians, and reptiles: Ectotherms- an animal that does not produce much internal heat.
Their body temperature changes depending on the temperature of their environment.
Ectotherms are sometimes called “cold-blooded” but their blood is actually quite warm.

29. Birds and Mammals- Their body temperature is stable and typically warmer than their environment.
Therefore, we call birds and mammals: Endotherm- an animal whose body controls and regulates its temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces.
An endotherm’s body temperature does not usually change much even when the environment temperature changes.
Endotherms also have adaptations that help maintain body temperature:
Retaining Heat: Ridding Excess Heat:
-feathers -sweating
-fur
-hair
Endotherms keep their body temperature stable so they can live in a wider variety of environments compared to Ectotherms.