1. Classification & the New Taxonomy
Chapters 25 – 35

2. New songs! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnF_UdPbJZ0

3. What determines life? There are 6 characteristics of life:
Organization
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Adaptations

4. Finding commonality in variety
Solar System
Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Earth
No. America
U. S.
N. Y.
L. I.
Nassau Co.
use the mnemonic!
Levittown

5. Classification Old 5 Kingdom system New 3 Domain system
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Old 5 Kingdom system
Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals
New 3 Domain system
reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence
Prokaryote: Bacteria
Prokaryote: Archaebacteria
Eukaryotes
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Archaebacteria & Bacteria

6. Kingdom Protist
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plant
Kingdom Animal
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Bacteria

7. Binomial Nomenclature
Was established in the 18th century by Carlus Linnaeus
Based on structural features as opposed to habitat, size etc.
He used genus which acted as a noun telling what it was
He also used species name which was an adjective to describe the genus

8. Taxon Term used for the hierarchical classification groups
The smaller the taxon the more similar the organisms within it

9. The Evolutionary Perspective

10. Kingdoms Fungi Animalia absorptive nutrition ingestive nutrition
Plantae
autotrophs
heterotrophs
Protista
uni- to multicellular
multicellular
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Single-celled ancestor

11. Bozeman

12. Why are common names bad?
The classification system makes it easier and quicker to locate different species
There is a uniform Latin language used so it doesn’t have to be translated between languages. It makes it easier for scientists of the world to share information.
It avoids the confusion of common names. For example Ragwort is 2 different plants on PEI and outwest (PEI’s is poisonous)
Puma, Mountain Lion, and Cougar are all the same animals but named different things in different countries

13. Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous means divided into two parts therefore these keys always give 2 choices in each step.
Sheet

14. Evidences for Classification

15. 1. Fossil Record: radiocarbon dating

16. Evolution of birds Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya
links reptiles & birds
The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx (Alonso et al. 2004) - Archaeopteryx, the earliest known flying bird from the Late Jurassic period, exhibits many shared primitive characters with more basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs (the clade including all theropods more bird-like than Allosaurus), such as teeth, a long bony tail and pinnate feathers. However, Archaeopteryx possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail, together with a wing feather arrangement shared with modern birds. This suggests some degree of powered flight capability but, until now, little was understood about the extent to which its brain and special senses were adapted for flight. Alonso et al. (2004) investigated this problem by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the braincase of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx. A reconstruction of the braincase and endocasts of the brain and inner ear suggest that Archaeopteryx closely resembled modern birds in the dominance of the sense of vision and in the possession of expanded auditory and spatial sensory perception in the ear. Alonso et al. (2004) concluded that Archaeopteryx had acquired the derived neurological and structural adaptations necessary for flight. An enlarged forebrain suggests that it had also developed enhanced somatosensory integration with these special senses demanded by a lifestyle involving flying ability.
Smithsonian Museum, Washington, DC

17. 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod
Tiktaalik
“missing link” from sea to land animals

18. 2. Anatomical record Homologous structures
similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry

19. Homologous structures
Similar structure
Similar development
Different functions
Evidence of close evolutionary relationship
recent common ancestor

20. 3. Comparative embryology
Similar embryological development in closely related species
all vertebrate embryos have similar structures at different stages of development
gill pouch in fish, frog, snake, birds, human, etc.

21. 4. Molecular record
Comparing DNA & Biochemistry (blood, protein, hormones)
universal genetic code!
DNA & RNA
compare common genes
cytochrome C (respiration)
hemoglobin (gas exchange)
Why compare these genes? 25 50 75
100
125
Millions of years ago
Horse/
donkey
Sheep/
goat
Goat/cow
Llama/
cow
Pig/
Rabbit/
rodent
Horse/cow
Human/rodent
Dog/
Human/
Human/kangaroo
Nucleotide substitutions
Closely related species have sequences that are more similar than distantly related species
DNA & proteins are a molecular record of evolutionary relationships

22. 5. Behaviour
Song Bird: birds that have the same song would be classified more closely

23. 6. Cell Structures
Peptidoglycan = bacteria in cell wall

24. Phylogeny Evolutionary history of an organism
We often use cladograms to show this history and relationship to other living things
Like a tree the organisms at the top are the most recent

25. Comparative hemoglobin structure
Human
Macaque
Dog
Bird
Frog
Lamprey
Why does comparing amino acid sequence measure evolutionary relationships? 8 32 45 67
125 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110
120
Number of amino acid differences between
hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans

26. Book Examples Pg. 115 Horseshoe crab reclassified
Interesting chart on pg. 119
Closer to spiders
Interesting chart on