1. Mr. Somogye – AP World History
The Enlightenment
Mr. Somogye – AP World History

2. Origins of the Enlightenment
What was the Enlightenment?
An 18th century philosophical movement that advocated reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy
What were the basic principals of the Enlightenment?
Reason – Truth through logical reasoning
Nature – Nature is good; natural laws of politics & economics
Happiness – Live by nature’s laws and you will find happiness
Progress – Believed society and humankind could be perfected
Liberty – Believed society should be set free

3. Important Enlightenment Thinkers

4. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Lived during the English Civil War
Famous work was Leviathan
Main Ideas
Man is inherently selfish and aggressive
Mankind, if left on its own, would be ruled by chaos and conflict
Citizens need the law and a strong monarch to prevent chaos
The Social Contract

5. John Locke (1632-1704) Lived during the English Civil War
Father of Liberalism
Supported individual’s natural right to life, liberty, and property
Government at the consent of the governed
Influenced the American Revolution and French Enlightenment thinkers

6. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788)
French philosopher
Main Ideas
Humans are basically good by nature but corrupted by society
Civilization destroyed freedom and equality
Advocated direct democracy
Influenced the American & French Revolutions
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

7. Voltaire ( )
Perhaps the most brilliant Enlightenment philosopher
“Friend” of Frederick II of Prussia
Frequently targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and government
Main Ideas
Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, tolerance
Attacked intolerance, prejudice, and superstition
“Crush the evil thing”

8. Montesquieu (1689-1755) A French aristocrat and a lawyer
Believed Britain was the best- governed country
Main Ideas
Challenged absolute monarchy
Separation of Powers
Executive, legislative, judicial
Checks and Balances
Influenced the United States Constitution
“Power should be a check to power”

9. Women and the Enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers maintained traditional ideas toward women
Educated women challenged these ideas using Enlightenment arguments
Mary Wollstonecraft
Women need education to be virtuous & useful
Women have the right to participate in politics
Women helped spread Enlightenment ideas by holding salons

10. Impact of the Enlightenment

11. Impact of the Enlightenment
Revolutions
American, French, Haitian, etc.
Belief in social and human progress
Abolition of slavery, promote education, social equality, etc.
Secular outlook in Europe
Promotion of religious tolerance, openly question religious beliefs, science challenges religious teachings
Importance of the individual
People can judge right and wrong for themselves, rise of capitalism, support for democracy, etc.

12. Scientific Revolution
A Snapshot

13. Scientific Revolution
Sci Rev = an intellectual and cultural transformation that occurred b/w the mid 17th and early 18th centuries
Careful observations, controlled experiments, formulation of general laws for explaining the world
those in the movement saw themselves as radicals
Vastly significant
Altered ideas about placement of humankind in universe
Challenged teachings and authority of the Church
Challenged established social hierarchies & poli systems
Used to legitimize racial and gender inequality
By 20th century … science = modernity

14. Why Europe? 1. the Islamic world was the most
scientifically advanced realm in period
800–1400  
2. China’s technological accomplishments
and economic growth were unmatched
for several centuries after the millennium  
3. but European conditions were uniquely
favorable to rise of science    
a.  evolution of a legal system that guaranteed some independence for a variety of institutions by twelfth/thirteenth centuries    
b. idea of the “corporation”—collective group treated as a legal unit with certain rights    
c. universities became zones of intellectual autonomy 

15. Why Europe? Cont…. 4. in the Islamic world, science remained
mostly outside of system of higher edu
5. Chinese authorities did not permit
independent institutions of higher learning    
a. Chinese education focused on preparing
for civil service exams    
b. emphasis was on classical Confucian texts  
6. Western Europe could draw on the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the Arab world  
7. sixteenth–eighteenth centuries: Europeans were at the center of a massive new information exchange    
a. tidal wave of knowledge shook up old ways of thinking    
b. explosion of uncertainty and skepticism allowed modern science to emerge