1. 6 Kingdoms of Life
SOL BIO: 5 a-f

2. The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic)
2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

3. Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
DNA strands float free in the cytoplasm
DNA is contained in the nucleus

4. 2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number
Multicellular
many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate. Required for complex life.
Unicellular
single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae

5. 3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions
Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food
Heterotroph or Consumer
Must eat other organisms to survive
Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!
Autotroph or Producer
Make their own food

6. There used to be only 5 kingdoms Moneran Protista Fungi Plantae
Animalia
This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria

7. 6 Kingdoms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

8. Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria-
Live in very harsh environments (volcanic vents, polar ice)
extremophiles

9. Eubacteria
It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

10. All Bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

11. Bacterial Locomotion Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement
Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

12. Bacterial Nutrition
Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize like plants
Some bacteria are heterotrophs
All Archaebacteria are autotrophs because there is not much nutrition where they live.

13. Bacteria Reproduction
Bacteria undergo a type of asexual reproduction called binary fission. Some bacteria reproduce every 15 minutes!

14. Protists
Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.
Odds & Ends Kingdom
-everything that doesn’t fit into one of the other kingdoms

15. Protists Locomotion types of movement: Pseudopod (false foot)
Flagella/cilia
Contractile vacuoles

16. Protists Nutrition
Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

17. Protista Kingdom Asexual Reproduction through a variety of methods.
Must live in a water-based environment.
Protists are generally unicellular but are more complex than bacteria because they have a nucleus.

18. Protists can be beneficial but many cause Disease
Giardiasis
(beaver fever)
 Giardia
African Sleeping Sickness
 Trypanosoma
Malaria
Plasmodium

19. Fungi Kingdom
The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms.
By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

20. Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic
They may be unicellular or multicellular
All fungi have a cell wall
Unicellular (yeast)
Multicellular

21. Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases:
Athlete's Foot

22. Fungi Locomotion Fungi are stationary
They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

23. Fungi Nutrition All fungi are heterotrophs
- Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter
- Mutualists – live symbiotically
- Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

24. Fungi
Although fungi look like plants, they do not have any chlorphyll.
Because they get their nutrition from whatever organism they
are growing on, fungi do not have to be exposed to the sun and
Therefore often grow in dark or shaded environments

25. Most Fungi reproduce asexually
Fungi Reproduction
Most Fungi reproduce asexually
By releasing spores that float in the air
Or are carried by animals out into the
environment

26. Pharmaceutically important!
Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted
COMMERCIALLY important!
Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!
Used to make soy sauce. Yum!

27. Plant Kingdom
All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and…
they are autotrophs

28. Nonvascular Plants - Mosses
do not produce seeds or flowers
-fertilization depends on water medium
to get the sperm to the egg.
Vascular Plants
Produce Seeds – plants must be pollinated to bring the male and female sex cells to each other.

29. Animalia Kingdom All animals are:
Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs
Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

30. Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics
Invertebrates
have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton
Vertebrates
have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

31. Kingdom Phylum Major phylums of animals are… Subphylum Class Order
Family
Genus
species

32. Porifera: sponges

33. Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers
Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst

34. Nematocyst

35. Mollusks
Octopi, squid

36. Mollusks
Clams, oysters

37. Mollusks
Snails, slugs

38. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria
Human liver fluke

39. Annelids (segmented worms)
Worms & leeches

40. Echinoderms
Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

41. Arthropods
Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

42. Phylum: Chordates

43. Viruses
Viruses do not share many of the characteristics of living organisms.
HIV Virus

44. Viruses
Viruses are not alive! They store DNA but cannot make energy, move on their own, or reproduce.

45. Viruses The viral reproductive process includes the following steps:
A virus must insert its genetic material into the host cell.
The viral genetic material takes control of the host cell and uses it to produce viruses.
The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell.

46. Virus Vectors Viruses are transmitted through vectors, such as:
Airborne
Influenza

47. Virus Vectors
Contaminated food or water
Hepatitis

48. Virus Vectors Infected animal bite West Nile Rabies
Avian influenza (bird flu)
Ebola

49. Virus Vectors
Sexual contact
HIV
Herpes

50. Virus Vectors
Contaminated blood products or needles
HIV
Hepatitis

51. Virus Treatment Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics.
There are some anti-viral drugs available.
You generally have to wait for the virus to run its course and let your immune system fight it off.