1. Common Diseases and Disorders of Body Systems
Unit II
Common Diseases and Disorders of Body Systems 1

2. Immune System Diseases and Disorders
Chapter 5
Immune System Diseases and Disorders 2

3. Anatomy and Physiology
Organs:
Thymus gland
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Liver
Tonsils 3

4. Anatomy and Physiology
Immune Response
Specific
Antigen and antibody reaction
Nonspecific
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Physical barriers (skin & mucous membranes)
Chemical barriers (acids & other secretions)
First line of defense 4

5. Anatomy and Physiology
Types of immunity:
Active natural
Active artificial
Passive natural
Passive artificial 5

6. Common Signs and Symptoms
Vary depending on organ involved
Related to factors, such as the following:
Immunodeficient
Lack of immunity
Autoimmune
Immunity against self
Isoimmune
Immunity against other humans 6

7. Diagnostic Testing Skin tests Desensitization Blood count Coombs test
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) 7

8. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Allergies
E.g., hay fever, asthma
Common reactions:
Urticaria
Contact dermatitis
Symptoms:
Elevated eosinophil count
Redness, heat, swelling, and itching
Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and nasal congestion 8

9. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Hay fever
Reaction to allergen in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract
Symptoms:
Sneezing
Watery eyes
Runny nose
Itching 9

10. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Hay fever
Causes of seasonal:
Tree pollen
Grasses
Ragweed pollen
Agricultural crops
Causes of nonseasonal:
Dust mites
Pet dander
Food allergies 10

11. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Hay fever
Treatment:
Removal of allergen
Air-conditioned environment
Or move to different climate
Antihistamines
Allergy desensitization 11

12. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Asthma
Also known as bronchial asthma
Symptoms:
Extreme shortness of breath
Difficulty breathing
Wheezing
Anxiety
Cough 12

13. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Asthma
Treatment:
Avoidance of causative allergens
Desensitization
Education
Medication
No cure
But can be controlled 13

14. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Anaphylaxis
Severe allergic response to allergen
Causes:
Antibiotics
Anesthetics
Codeine
Insulin
Vaccines
Foods
Pollens
Latex 14

15. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Anaphylaxis
May be mild to life-threatening
Symptoms:
Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp
Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing
Treatment:
Emergency tracheostomy
Epinephrine
Corticosteroids
Antihistamines 15

16. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Food allergies
E.g., chocolate, shellfish
Symptoms:
Cramping
Diarrhea
Vomiting 16

17. Hypersensitivity Disorders
Contact dermatitis
Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction
Causes:
Cosmetics
Laundry products
Plants
Jewelry
Paint
Drugs 17

18. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatic fever Follows group A strep infection
Occurs 1 to 4 weeks after strep infection
Sudden or gradual onset 18

19. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis
Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own cells and tissues
RF antibody in blood indicative of disease
Classic sign:
Ulnar deviation
Affects fingers, wrists, elbows, feet, and knees most frequently 19

20. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Symptoms: Prevention: Fever
Malaise
Joint pain
Prevention:
Accurate diagnosis of strep infections
Surgical joint replacement 20

21. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Treatment:
Anti-inflammatory medications
Analgesics
DMARDs
Biological medications
Exercise and rest routine
Short-term corticosteroids

22. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis Slow onset Symptoms: Diplopia
Ptosis
Dysphagia
Dysphonia
Difficulty with facial expressions
Fatigue 22

23. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis
Periods of remission and exacerbation
Treatment:
Cholinergic medications
Plasma exchange 23

24. Autoimmune Disorders Lupus erythematosus Two types: Cutaneous Systemic
Discoid
Limited to skin
Systemic
Diffuse
Affects multiple systems 24

25. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Chronic with remissions and exacerbations
Symptoms:
Butterfly rash
Joint pain
Fever
Weight loss 25

26. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Symptomatic treatment:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Corticosteroids 26

27. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma
Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues
Including skin
Periods of remission and exacerbation
Symptoms:
Joint contractures
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Thick, leather-like, shiny, taut skin 27

28. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma Treatment: No cure or treatment
May use antibiotics, immunosuppressives, and anti-inflammatories
May be beneficial to perform muscle stretching and strengthening exercises 28

29. Isoimmune Disorders Blood transfusion reaction
Type O is the universal blood donor
Type AB is the universal blood recipient
Symptoms of transfusion reaction:
Universal :
Chills
Shivering
Fever 29

30. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis
Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s red blood cells (RBCs)
Ultimately causing death
Usually no problem with first baby of Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive baby 30

31. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis Treatment: RhoGAM
Transfusion of baby’s blood at birth
RhoGAM
Halted this condition
Given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus
Condition only affects Rh-positive babies carried by Rh-negative mothers
Also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn 31

32. Organ Rejection Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue
More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection
Acute rejection occurs early
Chronic rejection occurs over long period 32

33. Immune Deficiency Disorders
Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease
Congenital, genetic disorder or acquired 33

34. Immune Deficiency Disorders
Acquired types may be due to:
Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation
Medications given to organ transplant recipients
Immunodeficiency
E.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 34

35. Immune Deficiency Disorders
AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes
Virus must enter body and bloodstream
Virus is very fragile and easily killed 35

36. Immune Deficiency Disorders
AIDS – Transmission of HIV
Many misconceptions
A person cannot get HIV from:
Toilet seats
Door knobs
Furniture
Water fountains
Social kissing
Coughing / sneezing
Sharing utnesils
Air – food – urine – feces – water 36

37. Immune Deficiency Disorders
AIDS primarily spread three ways:
Sexual intercourse
Sharing of hypodermic needles
In utero from infected mother to unborn baby 37

38. Immune Deficiency Disorders
HIV Stages
Acute Infection
Clincal Latancy
Early-Stage AIDS
Middle-Stage AIDS
Late-Stage AIDS 38

39. Immune Deficiency Disorders
Late-Stage AIDS
T-cell count drops below 200 cells per microliter
Treatment with ART
Prevention – Avoid the HIV virus 39

40. Rare Diseases Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system 40

41. Effects of Aging Degenerated thymus gland
Changed function of antibodies 41