1. Colossians 1:16, 17
16 For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him:
17 And he is before all things, and by him all things consist.

2. Bacterial Genetics
Timothy G. Standish, Ph. D.

3. Bacteria Have Circular Chromosomes
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Chromosome
Origin of
Replication
Termination of
Replication

4. Replication Replication goes in both directions Original Chromosome
Start of replication
Theta (q) structure
End of replication
Two chromosomes
Mid replication

5. Binary Fission Revisited

6. Genetic Recombination
If bacteria were incapable of genetic recombination, all members of a given species would be clones with differences arising only due to mutations in different lines
If bacteria could not share genetic information as other organisms do in sexual reproduction, there would be vastly less opportunity to adapt to different environments
As it turns out, bacteria are notorious for their ability to adapt, thus it is not surprising that elegant mechanisms exist for sharing genetic information

7. Ways Bacteria Exchange Genetic Material
Transformation - Bacteria take up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their genome (i.e., the Griffith experiment)
Transduction - Movement of DNA between bacteria by viruses
Conjugation - The direct transfer of DNA by bacteria usually via plasmids

8. Transformation
Crossing
over
Insertion

9. Transduction Generalized
Destruction of the bacteria’s DNA
Infection
Replication of the viral genome
Production of viral parts
Packaging
Lysis

10. Transduction Specialized
Temperate
Phage
Part of the bacteria’s DNA
Replication of the viral genome
Production of viral parts
Packaging
Lysis

11. Conjugation
F plasmid
F+ bacteria
Mating Bridge
F- bacteria

12. Conjugation F plasmid F+ bacteria Original F+ bacteria F- bacteria New
Mating Bridge
Original
F+ bacteria
F- bacteria
New
F+ bacteria

13. Transfer of genetic material
Hfr Recombination
F+ bacteria
F plasmid Integration
Hfr cell
Transfer of genetic material
F- bacteria

14. Transfer of genetic material
Hfr Recombination
F+ bacteria
F plasmid Integration
Hfr cell
Interruption of conjugation
F- bacteria
Crossing over
Transfer of genetic material

15. Hfr Recombination F+ bacteria F plasmid Integration Hfr cell
Recombinant
Bacteria

16. Transcription And Translation In Prokaryotes3’ 5’ 5’
mRNA
RNA
Pol.
Ribosome
Ribosome

17. The
End