1. Bacteria Structure, Reproduction, and Recombination
By: Kaitlyn LeCompte, Juliana Gracey, & Marc Danese

2. Overview Phototrophs, Chemotrophs, Aerobes, Anaerobes
Binary Fission, Steps of Binary Fission, Genetic Recombination, Bacteria's Resistance to Drugs
Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction   

3. Phototrophs Kaitlyn
Heterotrophs- need outside material to get food vs. Autotroph- makes their own food
Phototrophs- Use sunlight through the process of photon capture to get ATP
Occurs in ETC/protein pumping
Photoheterotroph- Uses photophosphorylation to get ATP-needs organisms 
Bio-structure is built by compounds obtained from the environment
Photoautotroph- Convert abiotic material-> biotic material (Photosynthesis!)
Ex. Algae, protists, and bacteria
Provides a source of food for all other life forms excluding other autotrophs

4. Chemotrophs Kaitlyn
Chemotrophs- Obtain energy through oxidation of inorganic molecules
Iron, Magnesium, and Sulfur
Chemoheterotrophs- Need to ingest C molecules from organisms
Ex. Most bacteria, fungi, and protozoans
Chemoautotrophs- Produce their own energy through the fixation of CO2
Ex. Nitrogen fixing bacteria (ground), Iron oxidizing (lava), and Sulfur oxidizing (thermal vents)

5. Aerobes Kaitlyn
Obligate Aerobes- Require O2 for aerobic respiration to break down substrates
Creates more energy than anaerobic anaerobes
Ex. Almost all animals, most fungi, along with several bacteria

6. Anaerobes Kaitlyn
Obligate Anaerobes- No oxygen required! Use fermentation/anaerobic respiration.
Has superoxide dismutase and catalase to convert lethal superoxide produced due to high O2 levels
Facultative Anaerobes- Use aerobic respiration if O2 is present. Can use fermentation/ anaerobic respiration if absent.
Survives in many environments-
 Too much O2 = obligate anaerobes die. 
Too little = obligate aerobes die

7. Binary Fission Juliana
Process bacteria use to carry out cell division-binary fission
Similar to mitosis
Copy DNA
Chromosomes are copied and separated
Cytoplasm divides=2 new bacteria
"division in half"

8. Steps of Binary Fission Juliana
Single bacteria
Origin of replication opens & replication begins 
Origins move to elongated ends
Septum forms
2 bacteria

9. Genetic Recombination Juliana
Offspring with characteristics different from both parents
Occurs during meiosis
2 chromosomes pair up
Crossing over occurs
Product: new combination of genes

10. Bacteria's Resistance to Drugs Juliana
Bacteria change to reduce or eliminate drug effectiveness
Genetic mutation or inheritance
Survive then multiply causing more harm
Susceptible bacteria are killed by the antibiotic
Selective pressure: influence exerted by antibiotic that promotes one group over another

11. Conjugation Marc A process bacteria use to share DNA with each other
Need to be touching to share the DNA
A pilus forms
The channel that forms between bacteria to share DNA
allows bacteria to increase genetic diversity

12. Conjugation Con't Marc Requires a set of F genes (Fertility genes)
F genes carry DNA through the pilus

13. Transformation Marc A process in which DNA is taken up by a cell
The cell must be competent
This process is highly unusual for bacteria

14. Transduction Marc Generalized Transduction Specialized Transduction
The transfer of DNA between cells using a virus particle
Does not require contact to transfer DNA
Two types of Transduction
Generalized Transduction
Specialized Transduction

15. Kaitlyn's ABCs B- Facultative Anaerobes
                                                                                                                                  
B- Facultative Anaerobes
Which of the following bacteria are able to carry out both aerobic respiration and fermentation?
A- Obligate Aerobes
C- Obligate Anaerobes
D- Aerotolerant Anaerobes 

16. Kaitlyn's ABCs
                                                                                                                               
D- Chemoautotroph
This type of animal uses chemical reactions to produce energy for itself without interacting with other organisms. Is it a __________ .
A- Photoheterotroph
B- Photoautotroph
C- Chemoheterotroph

17. Juliana ABCs
C-Binary Fission
The process bacteria use to carry out cell division is called ______ .
A- Mitosis
B-Meiosis
D-Facilitated Diffusion

18. Juliana ABCs A-Selective pressure
                                                                                                                                
A-Selective pressure
The influence exerted by an antibiotic that promotes one bacteria group over another is known as ________ .
B-Genetic mutation 
C-Crossing Over
D-Meiosis

19. Marc ABCs What forms between bacteria during Conjugation?
B- a pilus
What forms between bacteria during Conjugation? 
A- a carrier protein
C- a phototroph
D- an aerobe

20. Marc ABCs What process transfers DNA using a virus? A- Transformation
C- Transduction
What process transfers DNA using a virus?
A- Transformation
B- Mitosis
D- Conjugation

21. Overview Phototrophs, Chemotrophs, Aerobes, Anaerobes
Binary Fission, Steps of Binary Fission, Genetic Recombination, Bacteria's Resistance to Drugs 
Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction