1. Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
In some organisms, all the genes come from a single parent (asexual reproduction).
In organisms that have two sexes (genders), typically half the genes come from each parent (sexual reproduction).
Purpose of reproduction: to grow, to repair, to replace and to reproduce.

2. Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent
Offspring are an exact copy of the parent—a genetic clone
Methods:
binary fission
budding
fragmentation

3. Binary Fission
= 1 parent cell pinches in half and becomes two “daughter cells.
Unicellular organisms (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena)
Each daughter has the same DNA as the parent.

4. Binary Fission
When conditions are good (plenty of water, food, right temperatures, etc.) binary fission is a very effective way of producing many, many offspring.
One Paramecium can divide, grow, and divide again in the space of 8 hours.

5. = an offspring grows out of the body of the parent.
Budding
= an offspring grows out of
the body of the parent.
Hydra budding Cactus budding

6. Budding In yeasts the cell does not divide equally in two halves.
There is a large mother cell and a smaller daughter cell.

7. Fragmentation
= the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring.
Pieces of coral broken off in storms
can grow into new colonies.
A new starfish can grow from
one detached arm.

8. Fragmentation – Plant cuttings
Some plants can grow from cutting them up and replanting them.

9. CELL CYCLE - MITOSIS
= the process by which a cell divides to produce 2 identical new cells.
1) INTERPHASE
-Cell grows
2) MITOSIS
-DNA replicates
-Nucleus divides
3) CYTOKINESIS
-Cytoplasm pinches in half
-Results in 2 daughter cells

10. Sexual Reproduction Requires 2 parents male and female (sperm and egg)
The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an entirely new organism
Offspring are genetically different from both parents. Why?
Methods:
-Pollination
-External fertilization
-Internal fertilization

11. Combines genetic information from 2 individuals
Sexual Reproduction
Combines genetic information from 2 individuals

12. Pollination – Flowering Plants
Pollination occurs when pollen is produced in the male organ of the flowers and transferred to the female organs by wind or by animals.
If the female stigma is receptive to a pollen grain, the pollen produces a pollen tube, which grows through the female tissue to the egg, where fertilization takes place by the sperm nucleus.

13. External Fertilization
External fertilization usually requires a medium such as water, which the sperms can use to swim towards the egg cell. External fertilization usually occur in fish and amphibians.
The females lay the eggs in the water and the male sends the sperm in the same area.
Fertilization occurs
outside the female.

14. Internal Fertilization
Fertilization occurs within the female.
Internal fertilization occurs in mammals, insects, birds, reptiles.
Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats, zebras, and dolphins have live births)
Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs

15. MEIOSIS
The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced.
Gametes = egg cells; sperm cells
Chromosomes = condensed DNA