1. Evidence for Shear Stress–Mediated Dilation of the Internal Carotid Artery in HumansNovelty and Significance
by Howard H. Carter, Ceri L. Atkinson, Ilkka H.A. Heinonen, Andrew Haynes, Elisa Robey, Kurt J. Smith, Philip N. Ainslie, Ryan L. Hoiland, and Daniel J. Green
Hypertension
Volume 68(5):
October 12, 2016
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. A representative response showing internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA) shear rate and diameter, middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) and partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide and oxygen (PETCO2 and PETO2, black and gray lines, respectively) change during 2 min of baseline immediately followed by 4 min of hypercapnia (6% CO2).
A representative response showing internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA) shear rate and diameter, middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) and partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide and oxygen (PETCO2 and PETO2, black and gray lines, respectively) change during 2 min of baseline immediately followed by 4 min of hypercapnia (6% CO2). Threshold points are marked by vertical gray dashed lines.
Howard H. Carter et al. Hypertension. 2016;68:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Absolute common carotid artery (CCA; A) and internal carotid artery (ICA; B) diameter change from baseline to peak in response to hypercapnia (6% CO2).
Absolute common carotid artery (CCA; A) and internal carotid artery (ICA; B) diameter change from baseline to peak in response to hypercapnia (6% CO2). A 2-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between pre- and post-diameters within arteries. There was no difference in the percentage change between arteries. *Significantly different from baseline P<0.01. Data are mean±SD.
Howard H. Carter et al. Hypertension. 2016;68:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. The time course of arterial hemodynamic responses from the onset of hypercapnia (6% CO2).
The time course of arterial hemodynamic responses from the onset of hypercapnia (6% CO2). A 1-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the onset of internal carotid artery (ICA) shear and diameter, with an average latency period of 64±53 s. There was also a difference between the onset of dilation between the ICA and common carotid artery (CCA). Data are mean±SD.
Howard H. Carter et al. Hypertension. 2016;68:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Pearson correlations between percentage change in pooled common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter and shear rate (A), ICA diameter and shear (B), and CCA diameter and shear (C).
Pearson correlations between percentage change in pooled common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter and shear rate (A), ICA diameter and shear (B), and CCA diameter and shear (C). There was a significant correlation between percentage change in shear and diameter in the pooled CCA and ICA data (P<0.01) and the ICA (P<0.01). No association was evident in the CCA.
Howard H. Carter et al. Hypertension. 2016;68:
Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.