1. Cell Cycles First Last Period # Success= reproduction
Reproduction can be asexual or sexual
Biologists measure success in living things by reproduction. That means making other living things that hae copies of the same DNA instructions, and are able to reproduce themselves. When one living thing divides to make another identical living cell or another entire living thing, it is asexual reproduction. When two parents produce a cell or new living thing, it is sexual reproduction.
Cell Cycles in Asexual Reproduction
For multicellular living things, success in life starts by growing from a single cell that is able to make other living cell, tissues and organs with same DNA instructions. New cells are needed continuously in multiple-celled living things as they grow, parts age and are damaged and mistakes occur. A cell growing, then dividing to make two cells is a complete cell cycle. Not all cells divide.
Single celled living things are amazingly successful at growing and reproducing in every possible situation. They are very simple, not having the many separate membrane-covered organelles that animal and other eukaryotic cell have. Binary fission can occur very quickly in these simple cells, allowing them to produce large numbers of identical cell copies, which can also produce more cells. Binary fission also occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryotic cells.
Success= reproduction
-Copies of same DNA
-Offspring can reproduce
1 organism-asexual
2 parents-sexual
Multicellular-single cell makes other cells with same DNA- continuous process
Cell cycle- cell grows, then divides into two
Single-celled
-simple
-binary fission happens quickly
-large number of identical cells
-in mitochondria and chloroplasts

2. Cell Cycles First Last Period # Muticellular=eukaryotic -linear DNA
Multicellular living things, including animals and plants, have eukaryotic cells with much more complexity. They normally have their linear DNA arranged in several chromosomes in their nucleus. If a cell divides, it must first make copies of all its organelles, and build more cell membrane and other materials. All the DNA is also replicated, to make an identical copy of each chromosomes in the genome. These copies separate, except at an area near the middle called the centromere. This gives sister chromatid pairs the look of an X. These chromatid pairs are pulled into the center of the cell before it divides. When all the pairs are lined up, the copies separate to opposite ends. Nuclear membranes form around each identical group of duplicated chromosomes in the enlarged cell, The cell divides between the two nuclei, making two identical sister cells.
Reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes is sometimes called binary fission. However, this is different, because the chromosomes copies have to lined up and separated through mitosis. This ensures that each cell gets a copy of each chromosomes.
Muticellular=eukaryotic
-linear DNA
-several chromosomes
-nucleus
For cell division
-organelles copied
-DNA replicated
-Chromosome copies are chromatid pairs
-chromatid pairs line up in center of cell
-chromatids separate from pairs
-nuclear membranes form around each group of chromatids
-cell divides into identical sister cells
In singled-cell eukaryotes, mitosis and cell division occurs, not binary fission

3. Prokaryotic Cell Cycle: Binary Fission
First Last
Period #
SKETCH THIS PROCESS ON ONE PAGE
Prokaryotic cell ready to divide
The single circular loop of DNA is loose in the cytoplasm inside the cell membrane and outer cell wall of the prokaryotic parent cell
DRAW and LABEL the chromosome, cell membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the parent cell.
DNA replication and Cell Growth
The two strands of the single circular loop of DNA in each prokaryotic cell are each copied through the process of DNA replication. This results in two complete identical loops of double-stranded DNA. As DNA is replicated, the cell produces more non-membrane covered organelles like ribosomes and other cell materials. The cell membrane and cell wall also grow as the cell and lengthens.
DRAW and LABEL two identical loops of DNA separating inside a longer version of the same cell.

4. Prokaryotic Cell Cycle: Binary Fission
First Last
Period #
Fission
The cell membrane and cell wall begin to squeeze inwards as the two identical chromosomes separate from each other away from the center.
DRAW fission beginning
2 identical cells
The cell membrane and cell wall sqeezes inward until the two cells are separated. Each cell has an identical chromosome and a set of cell materials and organelles.
DRAW and LABEL the result of binary fission: two identical daughter cells

5. Overview of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle I
1st stage: Interphase (during the S part of cell cycle)
Each chromosome is replicated to make a pair of sister chromatids
Organelles are copied
2nd stage: Mitosis (during the M part)
Sister chromatids are lined up in the middle of the cell and separated into two identical nuclei
3rd stage: Cytokinesis (during the M part)
Parent cell is separated into two daughter cells, each with identical sets of chromosomes that are also identical to the parent genome

6. Animal Cell Cycle 1st Stage: Interphase First Last Period #
1st stage: Interphase- beginning (sketch just the cell on the left)
DRAW an animal cell with a nuclear membrane containing 1 long pair of homologous chromosomes (copies of each chromosome from the two parents) that are two different colors / shading. Homologous chromosomes are similar, with the same DNA instructions, but some differences, particularly between the X and Y chromosomes.
DRAW one 1 short pair of homologous chromosomes with two different colors / shading [4 unique colors total] that have different instructions compared to the first homologous chromosome pair.
Include one pair of centrioles / centrosome (crossed tubes that make spindle fibers)

7. Animal Cell Cycle 1st Stage: Interphase First Last Period #
1st stage: Interphase- end (sketch just the cell on the right)
DRAW the same animal cell after an identical copy of each chromosome has been made through DNA replication. The nuclear membrane now contains a long pair of sister chromatids (identical copies of the same chromosome) of identical color / shading AND another long pair of sister chromatids (identical copies of the same chromosome) with the other color / shading AND 1 short pair of sister chromatids of one color and 1 short pair of sister chromatids of the other color
DRAW two pairs of centrioles. These organelles were copied while the DNA in each chromosome was replicated to make sister chromatid pairs

8. Prophase (2nd stage: mitosis 1) Animal Cell Cycle
First Last
Period #
2nd stage: Mitosis Prophase
The nuclear membrane has broken apart. Spindle fibers from the centrioles connect to the centromere on each chromatid. Spindle fibers pull the chromatid pairs toward the center of the cell.
DRAW the chromatid pairs the SAME LENGTH and COLOR as is interphase as they move towards the center of the cell.
DRAW spindle fibers connecting the centromere of each chromatid to the centriole pair on that side.

9. Animal Cell Cycle Metaphase (mitosis 2) First Last Period #
2nd stage: Mitosis Metaphase
The chromatid pairs move along the spindle fibers into the middle of the cell. This ensures that each half of the cell will get one copy of each chromosome, a chromatid from each pair. The cell grows as organelles are copied, and more cell membrane is made.
DRAW the sister chromatid pairs lined up in the center of the cell. SHOW the spindle fibers and centriole pairs

10. Animal Cell Cycle Anaphase (mitosis 3) First Last Period #
2nd stage: Mitosis Anaphase
Chromatid pairs split apart as each chromatid pulls itself along the spindle fiber towards the pair of centrioles. They are now separate duplicated chromosomes. The cell continues to lengthen.
DRAW the duplicated chromosomes pulling themselves by their centromeres along the spindle fibers towards the centriole pairs

11. Animal Cell Cycle Telophase (mitosis 4) First Last Period #
2nd stage: Mitosis Telophase
A nuclear membrane forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes in the cell. The cell has enlarged. In animals, the cell membrane begins to pinch inwards between the two nuclei.
DRAW the 2 nuclear membranes enclosing the two groups of chromosomes.
CHECK that each nucleus has an exact copy of the two long homologous chromosomes and the two short homologous chromosomes that were in the parent cell.

12. Cytokinesis (3rd stage: cell division)
Animal Cell Cycle
First Last
Period #
Cytokinesis (3rd stage: cell division)
3rd stage: Cytokinesis in animal cells
In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches inward until the two cells are separated. Each cell now has an identical set of chromosomes in its nucleus and copies of all the organelles.
DRAW two daughter cells identical to the original parent cell which divided.

13. Cytokinesis in plant cells (3rd stage: Cell Division) Plant Cell Cycle
3rd stage: Cytokinesis in plant cells
In plant cells, the cell membrane cannot pinch inwards. The cell wall is stuck to the cell wall of next cell over. The new cell membrane begins as a cell plate between the two nuclei. It grows from the center out towards the cell membrane. The new cell wall between the two cells begins to grow in between the two layers of cell membrane left behind as the cell plate grows outward. Cell division is complete when the new cell membrane has merged with the original cell membrane to make separate cells. Each cell now has an identical set of chromosomes in its nucleus and copies of all the organelles, and will continue to grow next to its sister cell
DRAW two identical cells partially separated by a cell plate and new cell wall inside the cell plate