1. Eubacteria

2. Bacteria – Kingdom Eubacteria
Oldest, most abundant and diverse group of living organisms

3. Characteristics Single cell Prokaryotic Single chromosome
No membrane bound organelles
Reproduce sexually and asexually

4. Structure Capsule  protect against WBC, cling to surface,
protect from drying out
Cell wall maintain shape
Nucleoid  circular mass of
DNA
Plasmid  single circular DNA
strand used in conjugation
Pili  attachment to host cell
Flagellum  motion (whip)
Ribosomes  make protein

5. How big are bacteria?

6. Classification Based on Shape Arrangement Cell wall structure
Carbon and energy source
Oxygen requirements

7. Shape Spherical Rod shaped Spiral Cocci (pl) Cocus (sing) Bacilli (pl)
Bacillus (sing)
Spiral
Spirilla (pl)
Spirillum (sing)

8. Arrangement Prefix Diplo – twos Staphylo – cluster Strepto  chains
Sarcina  octets
Tetrad  fours

9. Cell wall structure Peptidoglycan
Thin sheet composed of 2 sugar derivatives and a small group of amino acids that make up the cell wall
Formation is disrupted by penicillin

10. Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
Thick protein layer on cell wall
Stain deep purple
90% of wall is made of peptidoglycan
Gram Negative
Thin protein layer on cell wall
5-20% made of peptidoglycan (penicillin is not as effective)
Stain pink
Lipopolysaccharide layer on outside of cell wall acts as a permeability barrier

11. Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative

12. Carbon and Energy Source

13. Oxygen Requirements Obligate Aerobes Obligate Anaerobes
require O2 for survival
e.g. pneumonia, tuberculosis
Obligate Anaerobes
O2 not required for survival
e.g. food poisoning, tetanus bacteria
Facultative aerobes
mainly function in the absence of oxygen; can function in the presence of O2
Facultative anaerobes
grow best in presence of oxygen; can function in absence
e.g. scarlet fever, typhoid fever, E. coli in human intestines

14. Reproduction in Bacteria
Binary Fission  asexual reproduction
Conjugation  sexual reproduction

15. Binary Fission - Video

16. Conjugation - Video

17. Bacterial Growth Exponential Growth
Limited by the exhaustion of nutrients or accumulation of toxic products

18. Comparing Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Similarities
Prokaryotic single celled
No membrane bound organelles
Single chromosome
Reproduce asexually by binary fission

19. DIFFERENCES Eubacteria Cannot tolerate high temp Aerobic/anaerobic
Archaebacteria
Found in swamps, high salt concentration, high temp., high acidity
Anaerobic (most)

20. How are bacteria similar to and difference from viruses?
Similar  have genetic material,
pathogenic (some)
Different  bacteria are capable of
independent life

21. Eubacteria and archaebacteria reproduce using binary fission.

22. How is this process different from mitosis?
Much simpler, only single strand of DNA is replicated  no lining up along equator, spindle fibers, etc.

23. Explain how bacteria share genetic information
Conjugation
make contact with cytoplasmic bridge (pillus)
Plasmids are transferred from the donor to the recipient

24. 2. Streptomyces – source of antibiotics
Describe two beneficial effects of bacteria and two harmful effects of bacteria. Include examples
Beneficial:
1. Flavobacterium:
dismantle complex penta molecules, leaving non-toxic CO2 + H2O and harmless chlorides.
2. Streptomyces – source of antibiotics

25. Harmful:
legionella pneumophilia:
Legionnaire’s disease
2. E.coli 157 in Walkerton

26. What is an antibiotic?
chemicals produced synthetically or by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of or destroy certain other microorganisms

27. How does bacterial resistance to antibiotics develop?
 genetic variation allows some to survive
 pass on R (resistance) factor to next
generation as well as through
conjugation
 R factor increases population