1. The continuity of life…
REPRODUCTION
The continuity of life…

2. What Is Reproduction?
Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce more of their own kind…can be sexually or asexually
Think about it…Without it…all life on earth would cease to exist

3. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission…
Budding…
Spore production
Regeneration
Propagation
Vegetative
Artificial
Cloning

4. 1. Binary Fission…
The nucleus divides by mitosis and the cytoplasm divides, forming 2 new daughter cells of equal size.
Occurs in single celled organisms
…bacteria, protists…amoeba, paramecium

5. 2. Budding…
The division of cytoplasm is unequal so one of the daughter cells is larger than the other. The daughter cells can separate or remain attached.

6. Budding… New Organisms Arise as an Outgrowth from the Parent Organism
Seen Mostly in Marine Animals
Examples Include; Sponges, Corals and Jellyfish…
Also seen in yeast and Hydra
Coral Polyp Photo courtesy Jeffrey N. Jeffords

7. 3. Sporulation… Spores are produced in large numbers by mitosis.
Spores are surrounded by a tough coat to help them survive harsh environmental conditions.
Seen in mosses, fungi…mushrooms, molds

8. 4. Regeneration…
This refers to the ability of some animals to re-grow severed parts.
Some of these animals can also grow new organisms from the severed pieces
Segmented Worms and Sea Stars

9. 5. Propagation VEGETATIVE
New plants develop from the roots, stems, or leaves of the parent plant.
Three Types
Tubers
Bulbs
runners

10. Tubers
Tubers are underground food stores which stores food over the winter and provides a new plant with food until it can make its own.
Examples: potato, artichoke, yam, water chestnut, arrowroot
Tuber info from
Taro- Japanese potato
Food made by the new plant is sent to make new tubers. Thereby reproducing itself.

11. Bulbs
E.g. daffodils, lilies

12. Runners Runners are side shoots which grow out from the parent plant.
Buds form at points along the runner and eventually these buds form roots and grow into new plants.
Examples: spider plant (Anthericum), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

13. Propagation Artificial With plants, but with human intervention
Two main types
Cuttings
Grafting

14. Cutting They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes
Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some leaves attached, the new plant grows from this.
SQA- Describe ways of propagating flowering plants artificially by cuttings and graftings
Source
counties.cce.cornell.edu/.../propagation.htm
They can be placed in moist
soil or water (and sometimes
dipped in rooting
powder).

15. Grafting
A cut stem of one plant (with good flower or fruit growth) (the graft) is taken and firmly attached to the rootstock of another plant (which has a strong, established root system) (the stock).
Examples- roses, fruit trees

16. Cloning
A type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces an identical individual from a cell or cluster of cells.
In plants: can be cloned using a method called tissue culture.
Enables plant growers to reproduce plants that might have become infected with a disease
In animals: because all chromosomes come from one parent, the clone is a genetic copy.
Scientists are currently working to save endangered species

18. One parent cell (body cell) with chromosome pairs (two gene sets)
Genetic information is copied then separated ONE time so each cell has same information (mitosis)
Same genetic information is passed on to each new cell
Offspring is identical to parent
Used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction

19. Asexual Reproduction Advantages Disadvantages
Only need one parent cell no need to find a mate
Large numbers of offspring can be produced fairly quickly
Fine for stable environments without change
Lack of genetic variation…No diversity
Share same weaknesses…one disease could wipe out entire population!
Parent can pass on disease since identical to offspring

20. Mitosis reviewed
Mitosis demonstration