1. Topic 04
Plant Modifications

2. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs
A. Leaves
a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales)

3. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs
A. Leaves
a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales)
b. spines

4. The spines of cacti
Melocactus communis (Turk’s cap) in Aruba

5. Axillary branching from “areoles”
Opuntia wentiana (prickly-pear) in Aruba

6. Axillary branching from “areoles”
Subpilocereus (candelabra cactus) in Aruba

7. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs
A. Leaves
a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales)
b. spines
c. succulence

8. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves
a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales)
b. spines
c. succulence
d. pitcher traps
Nepenthes

9. Sarracenia & friends

10. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves
a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales)
b. spines
c. succulence
d. pitcher traps
e. tendrils
Pisum sativum

11. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs
A. Leaves
a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales)
b. spines
c. succulence
d. pitcher traps
e. tendrils
f. flower organs
sepals, petals,
stamens, carpels

12. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs
A. Leaves
B. Stems
a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes

13. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs
A. Leaves
B. Stems
a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes
b. tubers

14. c. succulence

15. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs
A. Leaves
B. Stems
a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes
b. tubers
c. succulence
d. thorns

16. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems
a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes
b. tubers
c. succulence
d. thorns
e. twining stems
Lonicera japonica

17. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems
C. Whole Shoots (stems plus leaves)
1. bulbs
2. corms
3. the whole flower
4. Tank of tank-epiphyte
Lonicera japonica

18. I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems
C. Whole Shoots (stems plus leaves)
D. Other
Prickles (from epidermis of leaves or stems, typically)
Lonicera japonica

19. Prickles are not thorns or spines

20. Prickles
Carolina horsenettle
(Solanum carolinense)

21. Prickles
Roses
(Rosa spp.)

22. II. Modifications of Roots
A. Tuberous Roots
e.g. sweet
potatoes, yams

23. II. Modifications of Roots
A. Tuberous Roots
B. Adventitious Roots

24. II. Modifications of Roots
A. Tuberous Roots
B. Adventitious Roots
C. Prop Roots
e.g. red mangroves,
maize

25. II. Modifications of Roots
A. Tuberous Roots
B. Adventitious Roots
C. Prop Roots
D. Pneumatophores
e.g., black mangroves

26. II. Modifications of Roots
A. Tuberous Roots
B. Adventitious Roots
C. Prop Roots
D. Pneumatophores
e.g., black mangroves