1. The continuity of life…
REPRODUCTION
The continuity of life…

2. What Is Reproduction?
Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce more of their own kind…can be sexually or asexually
Think about it…Without it…all life on earth would cease to exist

3. ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL Asexual REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL
Characteristic
Requires ONE parent.
NO sex cells,
NO fertilization
Advantage/Disadvantage
Do NOT have to find mate
Offspring have NO variation
Offspring are genetically identical to parent cell
SEXUAL
Characteristics
Requires TWO parents
Involves TWO sex cells
Requires fertilization
Advantages/Disadvantages
Requires mate
Offspring have variation
Offspring are NOT genetically the same
Offspring are combination of BOTH parents

4. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission…
Budding…
Spore production
Regeneration
Propagation
Vegetative
Artificial
Parthenogenesis

5. 1. Binary Fission…
The nucleus divides by mitosis and the cytoplasm divides, forming 2 new daughter cells of equal size.
Occurs in single celled organisms
…bacteria, protists…amoeba, paramecium

6. 2. Budding…
The division of cytoplasm is unequal so one of the daughter cells is larger than the other. The daughter cells can separate or remain attached.

7. Budding… New Organisms Arise as an Outgrowth from the Parent Organism
Seen Mostly in Marine Animals
Examples Include; Sponges, Corals and Jellyfish…
Also seen in yeast and Hydra
Coral Polyp Photo courtesy Jeffrey N. Jeffords

8. 3. Sporulation… Spores are produced in large numbers by mitosis.
Spores are surrounded by a tough coat to help them survive harsh environmental conditions.
Seen in mosses, fungi…mushrooms, molds

9. 4. Regeneration…
This refers to the ability of some animals to re-grow severed parts.
Some of these animals can also grow new organisms from the severed pieces
Segmented Worms and Sea Stars

10. 5. Propagation VEGETATIVE
New plants develop from the roots, stems, or leaves of the parent plant.
Three Types
Tubers
Bulbs
runners

11. Tubers
Tubers are underground food stores which stores food over the winter and provides a new plant with food until it can make its own.
Examples: potato, artichoke, yam, water chestnut, arrowroot
Tuber info from
Taro- Japanese potato
Food made by the new plant is sent to make new tubers. Thereby reproducing itself.

12. Bulbs
E.g. daffodils, lilies

13. Runners Runners are side shoots which grow out from the parent plant.
Buds form at points along the runner and eventually these buds form roots and grow into new plants.
Examples: spider plant (Anthericum), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

14. Propagation Artificial With plants, but with human intervention
Two main types
Cuttings
Grafting

15. Cutting They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes
Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some leaves attached, the new plant grows from this.
SQA- Describe ways of propagating flowering plants artificially by cuttings and graftings
Source
counties.cce.cornell.edu/.../propagation.htm
They can be placed in moist
soil or water (and sometimes
dipped in rooting
powder).

16. Grafting
A cut stem of one plant (with good flower or fruit growth) (the graft) is taken and firmly attached to the rootstock of another plant (which has a strong, established root system) (the stock).
Examples- roses, fruit trees

17. 6. Parthenogenesis… Offspring can arise from unfertilized eggs.
Includes some Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians and Aphids.
Most of these species can switch between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction.
(depending on conditions)