1. Study Guide: Cell Cycle, Cancer, Levels of Organization, Stem cells

2. List the phases of the cell cycle in order
List the phases of the cell cycle in order. Draw a picture that represents the cell cycle.
G1, S, G2, M

3. List the phases of mitosis in order. Draw each phase of mitosis.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
List the phases of mitosis in order. Draw each phase of mitosis.

4. Explain what happens in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Prophase- centrioles move to poles; spindle forms; the nucleolus and nuclear envelope break down; chromosomes become visible
Metaphase- chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell
Anaphase - centromeres split and the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes which move along spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase -the two identical groups of single chromosomes gather at opposite poles of the cell ; spindle fibers break down and newly formed chromosomes begin to unwind and spread out into a tangle of chromatin; a new nuclear membrane forms around each new group of chromosomes

5. Define cancer.
a disease in which cells grow uncontrollably

6. Define mitosis.
process of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

7. What happens in each of the phases of the cell cycle?
G1 - cell growth
S - DNA is duplicated
G2 - preparation for mitosis
M - mitosis and cytokinesis

8. What is a centromere? Centriole? Draw and label a picture of each.
Centromere—connects sister chromatids in a duplicated chromosome
Centriole—radiates the spindle

9. Which phases of the cell cycle occur during interphase?
G1, S, G2

10. Cells formed during mitosis are called __________________.
DAUGHTER CELLS

11. During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes first appear?
PROPHASE

12. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
METAPHASE

13. How do plant cells perform cytokinesis?
FORM A new CELL WALL

14. How do animal cells perform cytokinesis?
A CLEAVAGE FURROW IS FORMED AND THE CELL MEMBRANE PINCHES IN

15. What does the G2 Checkpoint do?
MAKES SURE THE CELL CAN PROCEEDE INTO M PHASE

16. What is the average length of the cell cycle?
20 HOURS

17. What does the G1 Checkpoint do?
MAKES SURE THAT THE CELL IS READY MOVE ON TO THE S PHASE

18. What does the metaphase checkpoint do?
ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division

19. What is the function of cyclin?
they are the “go” proteins that tell the cell to start the cell cycle

20. What are the structures in the nucleus that contain genetic material?
CHROMOSOMES

21. What type of tumor is “harmless” ?
BENIGN

22. Why do cells undergo cell division?
GROWTH, REPAIR & REPLACEMENT, ASEXUAL REPORDUCTION

23. If someone were diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer what does that mean?
CANCER STARTED IN THE LUNGS AND SPREAD

24. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
PULLS THE CHROMOSOMES TO OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE CELL

25. A group of cells that perform a specific function are called _________________.
TISSUE

26. A group of organs that perform a certain function are called ________________.
ORGAN SYSTEM

27. Blood cells working together are considered to be ________________.
TISSUE

28. What is the correct sequence of organization in the body?
ATOMS—MOLECULES—ORGANELLES---CELLS- TISSUES—ORGANS—ORGAN SYSTEMS-- ORGANISMS

29. Define benign.
tumors that do not grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner and do not metastasize; noncancerous

30. Define malignant.
not self-limited in its growth and is capable of invading into adjacent tissues; cancerous

31. Define metastasize.
transmitting cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites elsewhere in the body

32. What is the G-0 stage? When does it occur? Explain.
occurs when G1 of the next cycle should be occurring; a cell would leave the cycle & stop dividing-may be a temporary rest period or more permanent

33. A group of molecules make up a(n)___________________.
ORGANELLE

34. A group of organ systems working together make up a(n) _____________________.
ORGANISM

35. What is the primary difference between cancer cells & normal cells?
CANCER CELLS GROW UNCONTROLLABLY

36. Why is blood considered to be a tissue?
It is A GROUP OF CELLS WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A CERTAIN FUNCTION

37. What happens after mitosis is complete?
THE CELLS ENTER INTO INTERPHASE AND THE PROCESS STARTS AGAIN

38. What is the goal of stem cell research?
TO REPAIR DAMAGED TISSUE

39. APOPTOSIS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT
What will happen if a cell has damaged DNA that it can’t repair? What is the best known stem cell therapy to date?
APOPTOSIS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT

40. What are stem cells?
unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop

41. What is a duplicated chromosome made up of?
SISTER CHROMATIDS

42. What structure is a good example of the interrelatedness of the circulatory and respiratory systems?
CAPILLARIES