1. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Regulation

2. The Key Roles of Cell Division
Cell division functions in _________________________________
Unicellular organisms (ex. Amoeba) will divide to reproduce entire organisms
Cell division also will allows a multicellular organism to ______________________

3. The Key Roles of Cell Division
DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next without dilution.
-____________________
- moves the 2 copies to opposite ends of the cell
- ______________________

4. Cell Division distributes identical sets of chromosomes to daughter cells
A cell’s genetic material is called its ________________
- prokaryote = ____________________
- eukaryote = number of DNA molecules

5. - the nuclei in human __________contains 23 chromosomes
The replication and distribution of DNA is manageable because it is packaged into chromosomes
- the nuclei in human ________________contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
- the nuclei in human __________contains 23 chromosomes
2 chromosomes
1 chromosome
2 chromatids

6. Organizing DNA DNA is organized in _____________
ACTGGTCAGGCAATGTC
DNA
DNA is organized in _____________
double helix DNA molecule
wrapped around histone proteins
like thread on spools
DNA-protein complex = ______________
organized into long thin fiber
____________________________________________
histones
chromatin
double stranded chromosome
duplicated mitotic chromosome

7. Cell cycle Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & matures
to divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
____________
liver cells
G1G0
epithelial cells, blood cells,
stem cells
brain / nerve cells
muscle cells

8. The cell cycle is driven by specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm
Sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system
- _____________________
- the cell cycle is regulated at certain checkpoints by internal and external controls

9. The checkpoint is a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle
- kinases, a type of regulatory protein that activate or inactivate other proteins, give the signals for G1 and G2 checkpoints

10. To be active the kinase must be attached to a cyclin (kinases become cyclin-dependent kinases or Cdks)
- _____________________________________________________________
- first called MPF = “maturation promoting factor” or “M-phase-promoting factor”

11. - ____________________________________________________________________
Internal and external cues help regulate the cell cycle
- for cells to divide a growth factor, a specific protein, is released to stimulate cell division

12. The discovery of growth factors has led us to understand ______________________________of cell division
- when a cell population reaches a certain density, the amount of growth factors and nutrients needed for division becomes insufficient for increased growth

13. Most animal cells also exhibit _____________________________________________
- to divide, the cell must be attached to a substratum (ex. inside of a culture jar or extracellular matrix of a tissue)

14. Cancer cells have escaped from cell cycle controls
- ______________________________________________
- they do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted; don’t respond to ________________________

15. - if cancer cells stop dividing, it is at random points and not at the checkpoints
Cancer begins when a single cell tissue undergoes a __________________
- if the cell evades destruction by the immune system it may form a tumor

16. - if the abnormal cell remain at the original site, it is called a _____________
- a ________________becomes invasive enough to impair the functions of organs
- the spread of cancer cells from the original site is called ___________