1. Cellular Reproduction

2. Chromosomes Contain genetic information – DNA
DNA is arranged in segments called genes
Determine characteristics, or traits
Humans have 46 chromosomes in their cells – 23 from each parent

3. Chromosomes
Exist as chromatin prior to cell division - relaxed form of DNA in the cell’s nucleus

4. Chromosomes
Centromere: at the center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids attach
Sister chromatids: Each half of the X, contains identical copies of DNA

5. HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

6. 3 Main Stages: Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
The Cell Cycle
Cells reproduce by growing and dividing
WHY??
Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large
To replace other cells
For asexual reproduction
To allow multicellular organisms to grow
3 Main Stages: Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

7. The Cell Cycle

8. Interphase
G1: The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA. Occurs immediately after the cell divides.
S: The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
G2: The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

9. Mitosis Process that divides the nucleus of one cell into two nuclei
Purpose is to create two daughter cells with identical genetic information
Each daughter cell receives the exact same # and type of chromosomes, it’s like photocopying the cell!

10. Prophase Beginning phase, the longest phase
Chromatin tightens, or coils, into chromosomes
In this phase the chromosomes are shaped like an X
Nuclear envelope disappears
Centrioles migrate to poles
Spindle fibers form

12. Metaphase Changing phase, one of the shortest stages
Chromosomes are pulled to center of cell and lined up
Ensures there are accurate copies of the chromosomes

13. Anaphase
Anew phase
The spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart into two identical chromosomes
The chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

14. Telophase Ending phase
Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and begin to unwind
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form
Nuclei reappear

15. It’s not over yet!

16. Cytokinesis Towards the end of mitosis, the cell undergoes cytokinesis
This divides the cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is pinched (the furrow)
Creates two new cells

17. Animal Cell - Mitosis
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

18. Plant Cell - Mitosis
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

19. Chromosomes

20. The Cell Cycle

21. I Pray More At The Church!
The Cell Cycle
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
I Pray More At The Church!

23. Cell Cycle Regulation
The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.

24. Abnormal Cell Cycle
CANCER: the uncontrolled growth and division of cells
Cancer cell can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function

25. Cancer Interphase: 120 minutes Prophase: 60 minutes
The cancer cell cycle is much faster than the normal cell cycle:
Chicken stomach cells
Interphase: 120 minutes
Prophase: 60 minutes
Metaphase: 10 minutes
Anaphase: 3 minutes
Telophase: 12 minutes
Interphase: 16 minutes
Prophase: 15 minutes
Metaphase: 2 minutes
Anaphase: 1 minute
Telophase: 3 minutes

27. Causes
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.
Inherited
Carcinogens
Radiation

28. Apoptosis Programmed cell death
Cells going through this apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process

29. Cell Death

30. Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions