1. THE CELL CYCLE OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 12
THE CELL CYCLE
OVERVIEW

2. I. THE KEY ROLES OF CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION FUNCTIONS IN REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, AND REPAIR
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS REPRODUCE BY CELL DIVISION
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS DEPEND ON IT FOR DEVELOPMENT FROM A FERTELIZED EGG, GROWTH AND REPAIR.

3. EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION CONSITS OF: MITOSIS CYTOKINESIS
B. CELL DIVISION DISTRIBUTES IDENTICAL SETS OF CHROMOSOMES TO DAUGHTER CELLS
EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION CONSITS OF:
MITOSIS
(DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS)
CYTOKINESIS
(DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM)

4. 12.3 CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION DURING MITOSIS

5. DNA IS PARTITIONED AMONG CHROMOSOMES, MAKING IT EASIER FOR THE EUKARYOTIC CELL TO REPLICATE AND DISTRIBUTE ITS HUGE AMOUNTS OF DNA
CHROMOSOMES CONSIT OF CHROMATIN( COMPLEX OF DNA AND PROTEIN THAT CONDENSES DURING MITOSIS
WHEN CHROMOSOMES REPLICATE, THEY FORM IDENTICAL SISTER CHROMATIDS
THE CHROMATIDS SEPARATE DURING MITOSIS, BECOMING THE CHROMOSOME OF THE NEW DAUGHTER CELLS

6. II. THE MITOTIC CELL CYCLE
A. THE MITOTIC PHASE ALTERNATES WITH INTERPHASE IN THE CELL CYCLE: AN OVERVIEW
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS MAKE UP THE M (MITOTIC) PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE
BETWEEN DIVISIONS, CELLS ARE IN INTERPHASE: THE G1, S, AND G2 PHASES
THE CELL GROWS THROUGHOUT INTERPHASE, BUT DNA IS REPLICATED ONLY DURING THE S (SYNTHESIS) PHASE

7. 12.4 THE CELL CYCLE

8. MITOSIS IS A CONTINOUS PROCESS (5 STAGES)
1.    PROPHASE
2.     PROMETAPHASE
3.     METAPHASE
4.     ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

9. 12.5 STAGES OF MITOTIC CELL DIVISION IN ANIMAL CELLS (PART I)

10. 12.5 STAGES OF MITOTIC CELL DIVISION IN ANIMAL CELLS (PART II)

11. A.   THE MITOTIC SPINDLE DISTRIBUTES CHROMOSOMES TO DAUGHTER CELLS: A CLOSER LOOK
THE MITOTIC SPINDLE IS AN APPARATUS OF MICROTUBULES THAT CONTROLS CHROMOSOME MOVEMENT DURING MITOSIS
THE SPINDLE ARISES FROM THE CENTROSOMES (REGIONS NEAR THE NUCLEUS ASSOCIATED WITH CENTRIOLES IN ANIMAL CELLS)
SPINCLE MICROTUBULES ATTACH TO THE METAPHASE PLATE
ANAPHASE: SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE & MOVE TOWARD OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL
TELOPHASE: DAUGHTER NUCLEI FROM AT OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL

12. 12.6 THE MITOTIC SPINDLE AT METAPHASE

13. D. CYTOKINESIS DIVIDES THE CYTOPLASM: A CLOSER LOOK
MITOSIS IS USULALLY FOLLOWED BY CYTOKINESIS
12.8 CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

14. 12.10 BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION (BINARY FISSION)
  BACTERIA (PROKARYOTES) REPRODUCE BY A TYPE OF CELL DIVISION CALLED BINARY FISSION
12.10 BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION (BINARY FISSION)

15. III. REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE
A MOLECULAR CONTROL SYSTEM DRIVES THE CELL CYCLE
CYCLICAL CHANGES IN REGULATORY PROTEINS WORK AS A MITOTIC CLOCK

16. 12.13 MECHANICAL ANALOGY FOR THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM

17. C. CANCER CELLS HAVE ESCAPED FROM CELL-CYCLE CONTROLS
CANCER CELLS ELUDE NORMAL REGULATION AND DIVIDE OUT OF CONTROL, FORMING TUMORS
MALIGNANT TUMORS INVADE SURROUNDING TISSUES AND CAN METASTASIZE, EXPORTING CANCE CELL TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

18. 12.16 THE GROWTH AND METASTASIS OF A MALIGNANT BREAST TUMOR