1. Chapter 5 : Cell Growth and Division
KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.1 Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions.
The ___________ is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

2. The main stages of the cell cycle are :
______ (G1): cell growth and normal functions
____________ (S): copies DNA
________ (G2): additional growth
_________ (M): division of the cell nucleus (mitosis)
_____________: division of the cell cytoplasm
Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA undamaged.

3. The rate of ______________ varies with the need for those types of cells.

4. Cell volume increases faster than cell surface area
limits the _______ of cells
materials have to be able to reach all parts of cell efficiently

5. KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.2 Cells divide during mitosis and cytokinesis.
Chromosomes are formed at the start of mitosis.
DNA becomes _______________- easier to organize
DNA double helix
DNA and histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled DNA

6. DNA plus proteins is called _____________
One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid.
Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere.
____________ protect DNA and do not include genes.
chromatid
centromere
telomere
Condensed, duplicated chromosome

7. cells spend _____ of the cell cycle in interphase
cell grows, prepares to divide
_____is duplicated
Parent cell
centrioles
spindle fibers
centrosome
nucleus with
DNA

8. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four steps:
____________ : chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form.

9. ___________ : chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

10. ___________ : sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell.

11. __________: the new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to uncoil.

12. ____________- splitting of cytoplasm and organelles between two new cells
In _______cells, the membrane pinches closed between two cells
In ______ cells, a cell plate forms new cell walls between the two new cells

13. Internal and external factors regulate _______________
KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.3 Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth.
Internal and external factors regulate _______________
External factors include physical and chemical ________
Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division.
Most mammal cells form a single layer in a culture dish and stop dividing once they touch other cells.

14. External factors trigger internal factors, which affect the cell cycle.
Two of the most important internal factors are ________ and ___________
Cell growth is balanced by cell death in healthy organisms
_____________ = programmed cell death.
a normal feature of healthy organisms
caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes
occurs in development of infants

15. Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer - “immortal cells”
_________cells form disorganized clumps called tumors.
Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed.
_______________ metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors.
Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions.
Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to ____________ involved in cell-cycle regulation.
Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer.
- examples : ____________, tobacco, asbestos, exposure to environmental poisons
Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells.

16. ________________ must allow for adequate exchange of materials.
Cell growth is coordinated with ___________
Cells that must be large have unique shapes so that materials can still be exchanged with the environment efficiently

17. KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.4 Many organisms reproduce by cell division.
________________ is similar in function to mitosis.
Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent.
Binary fission produces _____daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.
method of reproduction in
______________
parent cell
DNA
duplicates
cell begins
to divide
daughter
cells

18. Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis.
Environment determines what form of reproduction is most advantageous.
__________ reproduction is an advantage in consistently favorable conditions.
__________ reproduction is an advantage in changing conditions.
Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis.
__________ forms a new organism from a small projection growing on the surface of the parent.
______________: splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism.
_____________________ forms a new plant from the modification of a stem or underground structure on the parent plant - type of asexual reproduction

19. KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.5 Cells work together to carry out complex functions.
Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.
_______________ are groups of cells that perform a similar function.
___________ are groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.
___________________ are groups of organs that carry out similar functions.

20. Specialized cells perform specific functions.
Cells develop into their mature forms through the process of ____________________
Cells differ because different combinations of genes are expressed.
A cell’s location in an embryo helps determine how it will differentiate.
Outer: skin cells
Middle: bone cells
Inner: intestines

21. ___________ are unique body cells.
Stem cells have the ability to
divide and renew themselves
remain undifferentiated in form - they can “turn into” other types of cells
develop into a variety of specialized cell types

22. Stem cells are classified into _______________.
totipotent, or growing into ______ other cell type
pluripotent, or growing into __________ but a totipotent cell
multipotent, or growing into cells of a closely related cell family

23. Stem cells come from adults and ____________
Adult stem cells can be hard to isolate and grow.
The use of adult stem cells may prevent transplant rejection.
The use of embryonic stem cells raises ________ issues
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can be grown indefinitely in culture.
First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish. The egg divides, forming an inner cell mass. These cells are then removed and grown with nutrients. Scientists try to control how the cells specialize by adding or removing certain molecules.

24. The use of stem cells offers many currently realized and potential benefits.
used to treat leukemia and _______________
may cure disease or replace damaged organs.
may revolutionize the ________________________