1. Dna, replication, protein synthesis, cell division

2. HE.5.B.1: Model the components of a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide.

3. HE.5.B.1: Model the components of a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide.

4. RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide Sugar is deoxyribose Sugar is ribose
Bases include:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Sugar is deoxyribose
Bases include:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

5. DNA Structure Overall Shape: Double Helix
(looks like a twisted ladder)

6. DNA Structure Nitrogen containing bases: Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

7. DNA Structure Base Pairing Rules: Adenine to Thymine (A – T)
Cytosine to Guanine
(C to G)

8. DNA Structure
Backbone:
Phosphate
Sugar (deoxyribose)

9. DNA Structure Chargaff’s Rules: Amount of A always equals amount of T
Amount of C always equals amount of G

10. DNA Facts 2 meters of DNA in each cell of your body
DNA wraps around histone proteins to form chromatin
Before cell division, chromatin winds up (condenses) to form chromosomes

12. HE.5.B.3: Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.

13. DNA vs. Rna RNA Structure DNA Structure Double stranded
Sugar = deoxyribose
Bases:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Single stranded
Sugar = ribose
Bases:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

14. Rna function Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Carries DNA messages from nucleus to ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up part of the ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Reads mRNA and carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome

15. DNA Function
Instructions for making/controlling all things in the cell

16. HE.5.B.4: Describe and model the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.

17. DNA Replication General Description:
Process of making an exact copy of DNA.

18. Dna replication Process: Original DNA strands separate
Complementary nucleotides attach
Use base pairing rules
Backbone formed to create new strand
Sugar and phosphates bond together
End Result: Two identical DNA molecules
Each has one original strand and one new strand

19. Dna replication Identify the structures Original DNA strands
Complementary nucleotides
DNA Polymerase (enzyme)
Newly constructed DNA Strand

20. Dna replication
DNA Replication occurs during the Synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle

21. Protein synthesis Terminology:
Transcription: Process of copying a DNA message onto an mRNA molecule.
Translation: Process of translating the message on an mRNA into a protein.
mRNA: Carries the DNA message to the ribosome.
tRNA: reads the mRNA message and brings amino acids to the ribosome.

22. Protein synthesis rRNA: makes up part of the ribosome.
Codon: 3 letter “word” on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
Anticodon: 3 letter “word” on tRNA that matches the codon
Ribosome: structure in the cell where proteins are made

23. Central dogma
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein

24. Protein synthesis Example: DNA: TAC CGG TAA CGC mRNA: AUG GCC AUU GCG
Amino Acid: Met Ala Ile Ala

25. Protein synthesis DNA determines sequence of mRNA
mRNA is grouped into “codons” of 3 letters
Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid
tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome
Amino acids link together to make a protein

26. Protein synthesis
Transcription Drawing

27. Protein synthesis
Translation Drawing

29. MC.2.B.8: Describe the main events of the cell cycle, including the differences in plant and animal cell division: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

30. Cell Cycle Interphase Gap 1 (G1) Phase Synthesis (S) phase
Does normal cell things, Cell grows, makes more organelles
Synthesis (S) phase
DNA Replication occurs
Gap 2 (G2) phase
Preparation for cell division

31. Cell cycle Cell Division (M-phase) Mitosis Cytokinesis Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

32. Cell cycle Step 1: Interphase Purpose: Prepare the cell Gap 1 (G1):
Normal cell things
Cell grows and copies organelles
Synthesis (S):
DNA Replication occurs
Gap 2 (G2):
Preparing for cell division

33. cell cycle
Step 2: Mitosis
Purpose: divide the nucleus

34. M phase Prophase: Metaphase:
Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope disappears
Spindle fibers form
Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up along equator (middle)

35. M phase Anaphase: Telophase:
Chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell by spindle fibers
Telophase:
Chromosomes uncoil
Nuclear envelope re-appears
Spindle fibers disappear

36. M phase
Step 3: Cytokinesis
Purpose: divide the cell (cytoplasm)
Occurs after telophase when there are two nuclei in the cell

37. M phase Step 3: Cytokinesis In plants:
Cell plate forms down middle of cell
Cells break apart

38. M phase Step 3: Cytokinesis In animals: Cell membrane pinches in
Cells pinch apart

40. Cell cycle Why we need cell division: Growth
Growing from a single cell to an adult requires more cells

41. Cell cycle Why we need cell division: Replace dead/injured cells
Cells must be replaced as they are lost
Example: skin cells constantly shed and must be replaced

42. Cell cycle Why we need cell division: Replace cells after illness
Immune responses destroy healthy and sick cells

43. MC.2.B.9: List in order and describe the stages of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

44. Mitosis
PMAT
P=Prophase
M=Metaphase
A=Anaphase
T=Telophase

45. Mitosis Parent Cell: Interphase Diploid Somatic (body) cell
DNA is copied
Prophase:
Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope disappears
Spindle fibers form

46. Mitosis Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along equator (middle)
Chromosomes attached to spindle fibers
Anaphase:
Chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers

47. Mitosis Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil Nuclear envelopes re-appear
Spindle fibers disappear

48. MC.2.B.10: Analyze the meiotic maintenance of a constant chromosome number from one generation to the next.

50. 1st division of Meiosis:
Almost identical to mitosis
Difference = chromatids on homologous chromosomes can switch
Called crossing over

51. Meiosis 2nd division of Meiosis:
This division cuts chromosome # in half
Still similar to mitosis
Difference: end up with 4 unique haploid cells

52. Meiosis Purpose of Meiosis:
To create gametes or sex cells that are haploid
Importance of creating haploid cells:
A gamete has to fuse with another gamete to make a new individual (fertilization)
If each had full set of chromosomes, the new individual would have twice as many chromosomes

53. Meiosis How does each sex cell become unique:
Chromosomes line up randomly
Crossing over occurs

54. Meiosis
Fertilization:
Fusion of gametes to create a new individual

55. Meiosis Egg and Sperm each created through meiosis
Egg and Sperm combine during Fertilization
Fertilization creates a new individual
Egg = Haploid
Egg(haploid) + Sperm(haploid)
= New Individual Cell (diploid)
Sperm = Haploid

56. Meiosis Somatic Cells Gametes: Body Cells Diploid
Sex Cells (egg or sperm)
Haploid

57. Meiosis
Autosomes
Regular chromosomes
22 pairs in humans

58. Meiosis Homologous Chromosomes A pair of chromosomes 1 from mom
1 from dad
Same genes on each one; just different versions

59. Meiosis Sex Chromosomes 23rd or last pair in humans Determine gender
Females have XX
Males have XY

60. Meiosis Diploid Cell: Haploid Cell: Has 2 copies of each chromosome
These are somatic cells
Has 1 copy of each chromosome
These are gametes
1 from mom’s egg
1 from dad’s sperm
Egg for females
Sperm for males

61. Meiosis
Diploid
Haploid

62. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
 Makes diploid cells
 Makes haploid cells
Creates identical cells
Creates unique cells
 Makes somatic cells
Makes gametes
 Used to grow & heal
Used to create sex cells for reproduction
 Cell divides once
 Cell divides twice

63. Mitosis: Diploid Parent Cell DNA Replication Nucleus then cell divides
Diploid daughter cells

64. Meiosis Part I: Diploid Parent Cell DNA Replication
Nucleus then cell divides
Diploid daughter cells

65. Meiosis Part II: Diploid daughter cells from 1st division
Cell divides again
Haploid daughter cells

66. Meiosis
Haploid
Diploid
Human 23
 46
Earthworm
18  36

67. Meiosis
Egg/Sperm
Zygote
Maize (corn) 10
 20
Dog
36  78