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Characteristics of Biotic Factors
Made of cells. Consist of levels of organization (cell, tissue, organ, organ system) Respond and adapt to their environment Grow and develop Reproduce - The production of offspring that are similar to the parents. Use energy. Undergo chemical reactions (metabolism) Movement. Maintain Homeostasis Response - An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus. Stimulus - A change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to respond. Internal stimulus – From within the organism External stimulus – From outside of the organism
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Living Needs organ system Energy Water Living Space = competion
Auto = Self Troph = nutrient feeder all organisms of the same kind living in one area Hetero = Different or other group of different kinds of tissues working together group of organs working together one individual living thing group of similar cells organized to work together smallest unit of living things Energy Water Living Space = competion Stable Internal Conditions population organism organ system Homeostasis - The process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in its external environment. Autotroph - An organism that makes its own food. Function - The job or process that an organism's structure or part of its structure carries out. Structure - An organism's body plan, or the way its parts are constructed or arranged. organ tissue Heterotroph - An organism that cannot make its own food. cell
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Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
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Cell History Robert Hooke –1st to study the structure of the cell (cork) in 1665 (English) Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Created simple microscopes & discovered bacteria (Dutch ) Schleiden and Schwann –1830’s plant & animals are made of cells (German ) Francesco Redi - Italian scientist mid-1600s attempt Louis Pasteur - French mid-1800’s spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation - The mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources.
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Cell Structure & Function
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Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
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Over 200 different types of human cells Erythrocytes Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells (a) Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases Nerve cell Skeletal Muscle cell Smooth muscle cells (e) Cell that gathers information and control body functions (b) Cells that move organs and body parts Sperm Macrophage (f) Cell of reproduction Fat cell (c) Cell that stores nutrients (d) Cell that fights disease
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Generalized Cell Human cells have three basic parts:
All cells have some common structures and functions Human cells have three basic parts: Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles Nucleus—control center
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Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
~ 1/10 the size of eukaryotic cells Large compared to prokaryotic cells Nuclear area not membrane bound called the nucleoid Membrane bound nucleus w/ a nucleolus Single circular DNA Many chromosomes w/ linear DNA No membrane bound organelles MB: Golgi, lysosomes, ER, peroxisomes, mitochondria
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Similarities
Both have ribosomes and cytoplasm Both require a supply of energy Both have DNA as their genetic material Both are covered by a plasma (cell) membrane Both are made from the same basic chemicals: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats and vitamins. Both regulate the flow of the nutrients and wastes that enter and leave them
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Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
An organism whose cells lack a true nucleus and Some other cell structures. Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures EX: Bacteria Unicellular = one Celled
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Eukaryotic Cell - plant
An organism with cells that contain nuclei and other cell structures. Multicellular = Many cells
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Eukaryotic Cell - animal
An organism with cells that contain nuclei and other cell structures. Multicellular = Many cells
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Organelles – Small cell structures
Cell Parts Organelles – Small cell structures
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Surrounding the Cell
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Cell Membrane All cells contain a cell membrane
Controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer
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Cell Wall a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. The outermost structure of the cell Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells
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Inside the Cell
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Nucleus Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA
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Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers
Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus
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A rod-shaped cellular structure made of
Chromosomes A rod-shaped cellular structure made of condensed chromatin In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics
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Nucleolus Inside nucleus Create ribosomes
Contains RNA to build proteins
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Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture – 80% water
Located between the nucleus and cell membrane Many organelles found suspended within the cytoplasm Cyto = cell Plasm = to form or mold
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport system - Moves materials to Golgi Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface
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Ribosomes Make proteins
Each cell contains thousands - found on ER & floating throughout the cytoplasm
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Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
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Golgi Bodies Sorts, modifies, stores, packages & distribute materials
Move materials within & out of the cell
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Lysosome Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Contain digestive enzymes – break down old cell parts, cells, bacteria, and viruses Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
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Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape
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Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place
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