1. Bell-Ringer
PICK UP THE THREE THINGS AT THE FRONT (1 packet, 2 papers)
1) Who were the two researchers who won the Nobel prize for research on how cortical cells respond to light?
2) What is the point called where the optic nerves cross over?
3) How long does it take for rods and cones to completely adjust for dark adaptation?
4) What are cones specialized to deal with? How many do we have?

2. Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects

3. What Do You See?
In your notes, write down what you see in the pictures in the upcoming slides

13. Reversible Figures- a drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can shift back and forth
The same visual input can result in radically different perceptions
Principal reason that people’s experiences of the world are subjective
Perceptual set- readiness to perceive a stimulus in a certain way
Manipulate people’s expectations!
How does culture impact people’s perception?

14. Input selection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4
What do we focus our attention on?
How many times does the white team pass the basketball?

15. Inattentional Blindness
The failure to see visible objects or events because one’s attention is focused elsewhere
People tend to overlook obvious things that are unexpected and they are not focused on
Auditory as well!

16. Feature Analysis
Information isn’t any good if we don’t recognize any objects!
Feature Analysis- process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form

17. Bottom-Up processing Hubel/Wiesel recap
Bottom-Up Processing- progression from individual elements to the whole
Does this reflect everything?

18. Top-Down Processing
Top-Down processing- the progression from the whole to the elements
Reading words!

19. Subjective Contours
Subjective Contours- the perception of contours where none actually exist

20. Gestalt Principles

21. Gestalt Psychology Germany in the 20th century (1900’s)
( “gestalt” means ‘shape’ in German)
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

22. Is The King of Pop Really Moving?

23. Phi Phenomenon
The illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession
Movies and TV?

24. Figure and Ground Figure-what is being looked at
Ground- background against which it stands
Figures
More substance
Appear closer
Higher contrast
Greater in symmetry
Smaller

25. Proximity Things close to each other seem to belong together
See what I did there?

26. Closure
Group elements to create a sense of closure, or completeness

27. Similarity
Group stimuli that are similar

28. Simplicity Pragnanz (German for ‘good form’)
People tend to group elements that combine to form a good figure

29. Continuity Tendency to follow whatever direction they’ve been led
Tendency to connect points that result in straight or gently curved lines that create smooth paths

30. The Virgin Mary in a Lemon Slice or Nah?
lemon-slices-and-a-new-face-on-mars-gestalt- principles-at-work/

31. Formulating perceptual hypotheses
Two kinds of stimuli
Distal- stimuli that lie in the distance (the world outside the body)
Proximal- stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors
(These are the two dimensional versions of their actual three-dimensional counterparts)

32. Making sense- Perceptual Hypothesis
An inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed
We make educated guesses about what form it is!

33. Old Woman

34. Old Woman vs. Young Woman
Why the ambiguity?
You see the one you expect to see/are led to see

35. Necker Cube
Where is the front? Where is the back?

36. Context is everything
Words and surrounding letters create expectations

38. Experience-based observations
We recognize everyday objects more quickly when presented with familiar viewpoints as opposed to unfamiliar viewpoints
Certain things go together!