1. Early American Writing Historical Context 1600-1800
English ii
American Literature

2. Essential Questions What factors shape our values and beliefs?
What happens when belief systems of societies and individuals come into conflict?
Is freedom ever free?
What is the relationship between freedom and responsibility?
How do authors use the resources of language to impact an audience?
How does literature reveal the values of a given culture or time period?
How does the study of fiction and nonfiction texts help individuals construct their understanding of reality?

3. Overview Historical Context Cultural Influences Ideas of the Age
Early American Literature

4. Historical Context The Meeting of Two Worlds
Early American writers concentrated on describing and trying to make sense of their challenging new environment and unfamiliar people with whom they shared it.
Writers used letters, diaries, and reports back home to describe this historical turning point.
Unknown to Europeans, Native American people had been living in the Americans for at least tens of thousands of years.

5. Historical Context The Meeting of Two Worlds (continued)
Millions of people lived in the Americas on the eve of the arrival of the Europeans.
Early writers wrote about how the Europeans and the Native Americans viewed each other and the Northern American land.

6. Historical Context From Colony to Colony
First permanent colony was established in Jamestown in 1607
By 1733, English colonies stretched all along the Atlantic coast
Colonies increasing became self reliant and developed their own local rules

7. Historical Context Loyalty to England
The first colonists were loyal to Britain. They supported England economically by exporting raw materials to their homeland and importing Britain’s manufactured goods.
Britain returned the favor by protecting its territories in America. For example, it sent soldiers to fight during the French and Indian War ( ), when France allied with Native American groups t send the British out of North America.
After a long war, Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi River.

8. Historical Context A Break with England
The British tried to tax the colonist to recover some of the costs from the way.
Colonists rejected this request crying “no taxation without representation.”
In 1776, the colonist declared themselves to be free and independent of British control by defeating them in the Revolutionary War

9. Cultural Influences
Religion was the most influential cultural force on writers of this time period. Puritan values and beliefs directed people’s everyday lives as well as the formation of an American society. Puritans: were a group of English Protestants who had sough to “purify” the Church of England and return to simpler ways of worshipping. Their efforts were not welcome in England. Many Puritans left the country to escape persecution.

10. The Puritans
Puritan settlers believed themselves chosen by God to create new order in America. John Winthrop wrote in 1630 that “we must consider that we shall be as a City upon a hill. The eyes of people are upon us.” Puritan Values directed every aspect of their lives. They saw the human struggle with sin as a daily mission and believed that the Bible would help them through that sin. Hard work, thrift, and responsibility were seen as morally good.

11. Ideas of the Age The Enlightenment
Burst of intellectual energy known as the Enlightenment
Questioned previously accepted truths about who should hold power
Writers: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson
The Great Awakening
People worried Puritan values were being lost
Preachers such as Jonathan Edwards called for people to refocus on the Puritan vision
People joined together to uphold Puritan beliefs

12. Early American Literature
Native Americans
300 different Native American cultures when the Europeans arrived
200 different languages spoken
Native American history, legends, and myths were entrusted to memory and passed from generation to generation through oral tradition
Explorers and Early Settlers
Settlers described the new land to those in Europe
Accounts helped English readers visualize North America

13. Early American Literature
The Puritan Tradition
Believed writing should be used to help readers understand the Bible and guide them through their daily lives
Logic, clarity, and order are often themes in Puritan works
Direct, powerful, plain language

14. The Puritan Tradition Puritan Poetry
Viewed poetry as a means of exploring the relationship between the individual and God
Anne Bradstreet-learning, faith, love for husband and children
Edward Taylor-poetry as aids and meditations, used nature
Sermons and Other Writings
Jonathan Edwards- wrote about the dangers of sinful ways
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

15. Writers of the Revolution
Pamphlets and Propaganda: political writings that became the “fuel” for the revolution. Between 1763 and 1783 about 2000 pamphlets were published (Thomas Paine) Writings that Launched the Nation Declaration of Independence, The Constitution Voices of the People Phillis Wheatley-Natural Rights Abigail Adams- Rights for all citizens