1. Bellringer: 2/24 & 2/25 Pick up the papers by the door.
Take out your essay packet.
Update your ToC:
106: Notes – the Mongols
Write down your HW:
Read pages (stop at the start of the “Arab Empire” section) in your DUIKER textbook and take notes

2. Agenda: 2/24 & 2/25 1. Bellringer 2. Essay on Justinian
3. Notes – The Mongols
4. Quizizz Practice

3. Background on the Mongols

4. Where do the Mongols come from?
Claimed relation to the Huns who founded empires in Central Asia
Called “Tartars” by Western civilizations (means people from hell) – not an accurate name!
Background on the Mongols:
Declared themselves descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era.
Said to be called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: The Mongols actually conquered a tribe called the Tartars

5. Why do they leave Central Asia?
Nomadic in nature  follow resources
Need for water access  conquest by Mongols to gain it (why they head towards Europe)
Moved on horseback
Nomads
Need for water leads to conquest - Central Asia lacked rain for agriculture
Reasons why they move westward towards Europe
Greatest Opportunity was trade – horses!

6. Important Mongol Leaders Emerge

7. Time of Chinggis Khan’s reign – located in Mongolia, lower Russia

8. Genghis Khan Used any means necessary to win
Speed and surprise
Siege warfare
Loved negative PR (thought it made him scarier)
Goal: Create community that transcends differences (family ties, ethnicities, religion)
Forced army units to mix together – can’t only fight with same ethnicities, etc.
CONTEXT: Conquered more land in 25 years than Romans did in 400
Religious tolerance 
Instituted postal system for communication
Ordered writing system created
Abolished torture & insisted on rule of law (to which even the khan was accountable)

10. Other Khans of the Mongol Empire:
Batu Khan
Kublai Khan
Genghis Khan’s grandson
Conquers Kievan Rus, turns Russia into the Golden Horde
Conquers much of East Asia (including China), brings it under Mongol rule
Religious tolerance 
Instituted postal system for communication
Ordered writing system created
Abolished torture & insisted on rule of law (to which even the khan was accountable)

11. Mongol warfare tactics:

12. The Mongols used different tactics and strategies to conquer land…
1. Archery and mobility
2. Improved armor/weaponry
3. Psychological warfare
Background on the Mongols:
Declared themselves descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era.
Said to be called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: The Mongols actually conquered a tribe called the Tartars

13. 1. Archery and mobility
Mongol society = oriented around extreme mobility
Carried houses on horseback
Traveled up to ~60 miles a day!
Create mail system to allow quick communication across Mongol territory
Archers = deadly and accurate
The Mongols were oriented around extreme mobility. They carried their houses with them, drank their own horse's blood to stay alive, and could travel up to 62 miles per day.
They had an elaborate priority-mail-system which allowed orders to be transmitted rapidly across Eurasia.
Mongol archers were very deadly and accurate
Their arrows could kill enemies at 200 meters (656 feet)

14. 2. Improved armor/weaponry
What did Mongol warriors wear/use to fight with?
Protective shields (protected against arrows, etc.)
Silk underclothes (helped prevent poisoning from arrows, etc.)
Wool and heavy boots
Overlapping plates of iron (allows for protection but also flexibility in fighting)
Curved sword, bows/arrows
The warrior carried a protective shield made of light leather armor
which was laced with a lacquer-like substance in order to make it more impervious to penetration by arrows, swords and knives, and also to protect it against humid weather
The Mongol warrior used to wear Chinese silk underwear, if it could be obtained, because it was a very tough substance
If arrows are shot from a long distance, it would not penetrate the silk
It would also prevent poison from entering the bloodstream
During winter they wore several layers of wool as well as heavy leather boots with felt socks on their feet.
The legs were often protected by overlapping iron plates resembling fish scales, which were sewn into the boots.
Each warrior carried a battle axe, a curved sword known as scimitar; a lance, and two versions of their most famous weapon: the Mongol re-curved bow.
One of the bows was light and could be fired rapidly from horseback, the other one was heavier and designed for long-range use from a ground position

15. 3. Psychological warfare
The Mongols tried to outwit their enemies
Fake retreats
Scare tactics (i.e. destroying a complete city to intimidate a neighboring one)
Basically, there are 2 reactions to Mongols: Resist and die or don’t fight and live
Resist? You all die
Accept Mongol rule? Lives typically spared
Genghis Khan used combined fake retreats with accurate Horse Archers to pick off his European enemies.
Genghis Khan slaughtered a few cities, in an attempt to scare all other cities to surrender without a fight. He, being a practical leader, also valued smarts more than bravery
If enemies surrendered without resistance, the Mongols usually spared their lives, and they provided generous treatment for artisans, craft workers, and those with military skills
In the event of resistance, the Mongols ruthlessly slaughtered whole populations, sparing only a few, whom they sometimes drove ahead of their armies as human shields during future conflicts

16. How do the Mongols conquer territory as they move east?

17. How do the Mongols conquer so much territory?
Defeat all resistance
“Nice” to those who accept Mongol rule
Bureaucratic government develops  cities often left under original rule
Religious tolerance
Background on the Mongols:
Declared themselves descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era.
Said to be called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: The Mongols actually conquered a tribe called the Tartars

18. Mongols in Persia and the Middle East
Mongols in the Middle East
Violent conflict for all involved (many casualties)
Mongols move into Middle East  cause downfall of Abbasids
Sack city of Baghdad (mod. day Iraq)
Violent conflict – high casualties for all involved
Mongols move into Middle East, cause the downfall of the Abbasid Dynasty
Sack city of Baghdad (mod. day Iraq)

20. Mongols in Russia: The Golden Horde
In mid-1200s, Mongols in Kievan Rus
Batu (Genghis Khan’s grandson) = conquers Russia
Golden Horde is established  Golden Horde is Mongol province for next 200+ years
Consequences?
Introduction of serfdom/feudalism in Russia
Some cities benefit (like Moscow) from trade contacts of Mongols
Russia cut off from the rest of Europe = bad for development
Background on the Mongols:
Declared themselves descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era.
Said to be called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: The Mongols actually conquered a tribe called the Tartars

22. Mongols in China
Kublai Khan conquers China and brings it under Mongol rule
New social structure is put in place (Mongols at top, Chinese towards the bottom)
Background on the Mongols:
Declared themselves descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era.
Said to be called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: The Mongols actually conquered a tribe called the Tartars

24. The Mongols: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

25. The Good Master military innovations (archery, armor, etc.)
Religious tolerance
Common legal code
Promoted trade (“Pax Mongolica”) because of all the territory controlled by the Mongols
Military Strategy & Innovation – Cavalry, Horse Archers, surprise attacks, sieges - Genghis first needed to disband tribal loyalties
Religious Tolerance (converted to all faiths in region except Hinduism)a
Common Legal Code
Utilized skills of conquered peoples – artisans, soldiers
Discipline, obedience to own laws
Sense of honor and loyalty, respect for these qualities in others, even opponents
High status of women
TRADE – source of diffusion – goods, ideas & people - under Mongol rule it was less risky  Pax Mongolica

26. From Europe Southwest Asia South Asia East Asia
Honey
Horses
Glassware
Slaves
Textiles
Rugs
Incense
Finished iron products
Finished gold products
Spices
Gems
Perfumes
Gunpowder
Firearms
Rockets
Magnetic compass
Porcelain
Silk
Maritime Technology
Paper Making
Printing
Tea
Christian missionaries
Italian merchants
European diplomats
Muslim merchants
Nestorian merchants
Muslim diplomats
Indian merchants
Indian diplomats
Buddhist religious objects
Chinese bureaucrats
Chinese artists, artisans
East Asian diplomats
Sugar cane
Black Death
Intellectual Exchanges of Ideas, Art, Architecture, Knowledge was constant

27. The Mongol Empire at its height

28. The Bad Constant in- fighting for power Over-spending Over-expanding
The spread of the plague
Centralized gov’t vs. a nomadic lifestyle
Constant in-fighting for power – “Khan”
Genghis never setup centralized rule, Kublai struggled with it (Yuan Dynasty)
Kublai failed to conquer Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia & Japan
Inability to control China without considerable force
Over-spending
THE PLAGUE!!!
Over-extension – loss of control in Persia
Struggle between nomadic lifestyle and need to settle (centralized government)

30. The Ugly Mongol motto: “Surrender or die” Massacres of resisters
Organized terror
Lots of babies = overpopulation
Plague catapults (biological warfare?)
Surrender or Die
Looting & Destruction of Cities
Massacres (1.6 Million in 1 Afghan city, as many as 18.4 Million total killed)
Use of organized tactical terror
All exemplified by the Ilkhanate’s conquering of Middle East (Persia)
Lots of Babies - as many as .5% of the Earth’s current male population can trace genetic lineage back to Genghis (500 wives & concubines)  8% of men in 16 populations spanning Asia (and 0.5% of men worldwide) shared nearly identical Y-chromosome sequences.
Plague catapults – biological warfare?
Strange diet, hairstyles and odor
Cannibalism?
Genghis’ funeral parade of death?

31. Activity intro video:

32. Recap Video:
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