1. Telecommunication II

2. Telephony Fundamentals
Time slot allocation

3. Telephony Fundamentals
Time slot allocation
Each call needs a time slot in both directions
Same time slot number is used in both the direction
Together the two time slot are known as a trunk

4. Telephony Fundamentals
Subscriber Signaling

5. Telephony Fundamentals
Signaling between exchanges
There are two main signaling methods
Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)
Channel 16 is allocated to every speech channel for a short period of time
For each frame, signals for two telephone channels are transmitted simultaneously
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Any channel except channel 0 can be used as a common signaling channel CSC
About 2000 speech channels can be served by a common signaling channel

6. Channel Associated Signaling
The key feature that distinguishes Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) from Common Channel Signaling (CCS) that a dedicated fixed signaling capacity is set aside for each and every trunk in a fixed, pre-determined way.
Limitations of CAS:
Limited Signaling Information: CAS is limited by the amount of information that can be signaled using the voice channel. Because only a small portion of the voice band is used for signaling.

7. Channel Associated Signaling
Inefficient Use of Resources: CAS systems are inefficient because they require either continuous signaling or, in the case of digital CAS, at regular intervals even without new signals.
Signaling is limited: to call set-up and release phases only. This means that signaling cannot take place during the call connection phase.

8. Telephony Fundamentals
Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)
Each speech path is associated with a signaling channel
Exchanges can not communicate with each other after a speech path is released

9. Telephony Fundamentals
Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)
This channel allocation is repeated every 16 frames

10. Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
CCS refers to the situation in which the signaling capacity is provided in a common pool, with the capacity being used as and when necessary.
The signaling channel can usually carry signaling information for thousands of traffic circuits.
CCS systems are packet-based, transferring over 200 bytes in a single SS7 packet, as opposed to a few bits allocated to act as indicators in digital CAS. The signaling information is transferred by means of messages, which is a block of information that is divided into fields that define a certain parameter or further sub-field.

11. Circuit-Related & Non-Circuit-Related
Circuit-Related Signaling: refers to the original functionality of signaling, which is to establish, supervise, and release trunks. In other words, it is used to set up, manage, and clear down basic telephone service calls.
Non-Circuit-Related Signaling: refers to signaling that is not related to the establishment, supervision, and release of trunks. Due to the advent of supplementary services and the need for database communication in cellular networks and Intelligent Networks.
Non-circuit-related signaling allows the transfer of information that is not related to a particular circuit, typically for the purpose of transmitting both the query and response to and from telecommunication databases.

12. Non-Associated Signaling
Because the path is not fixed at a given point in time in non-associated mode, the signaling has many possible routes through the network for a given call or transaction. Therefore, the packets might arrive out of sequence because different routes might have been traversed.
SS7 does not run in non-associated mode because no procedures exist for reordering out-of-sequence messages. Associated and quasi-associated signaling modes assure sequential delivery, while non-associated signaling does not.

13. Telephony Fundamentals
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
A separate dedicated channel for signaling (CSC)
Any channel (except 0) on any PCM link can be selected as CSC
Usually a redundant CSC is also provided on another PCM link

14. Telephony Fundamentals
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)

15. Telephony Fundamentals
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
The signaling messages exchanges in CCS are data packets of variable length
The transmission speed for the signaling message is 64 kbps
The label identifies the association of a data packet to a specific speech channel

16. Telephony Fundamentals
Advantages of CCS over CAS
The signaling capacity is significantly higher
Additional speech channels are available
Due to higher signal transmission rates, the speech channels are used more efficiently
Exchanges can communicate with each other even if the speech channel is not established
Example

17. CCS Limitations
CSS has the following disadvantages in comparison to CAS:
CCS links can be a single point of failure—a single link can control thousands of voice circuits, so if a link fails and no alternative routes are found, thousands of calls could be lost.
There is no inherent testing of speech path by call set-up signaling, so elaborate Continuity Test procedures are required.

18. Summary Time Slot Allocation Subscriber Signaling
Signaling between exchanges
Channels Associates Signaling
Common Channel Signaling
Advantages of CCS over CAS