1. III. Accessory Digestive Organs
A. Pancreas
1. pancreatic duct
2. enzymes
- trypsin
- lipase
- amylase
- nucleases
digestion is basically completed by intestinal enzymes

2. 3. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
4. hormones
- insulin
- glucagon

3. B. Liver
1. bile
- pigments and bile salts
- emulsification
2. gallbladder
3. detoxification
4. glucose  glycogen
insulin vs. glucagon

5. I. Animal Reproduction
A. Asexual
1. fission
2. budding
3. parthenogenesis

6. B. Sexual
1. gametes  zygote

7. 2. hermaphroditism
- most are not self-fertilizers

8. 3. sex determination
a. Y chromosome (many animals, all mammals)
- indifferent gonads in embryo

9. b. Z and W chromosomes (birds and some fish)
- male is ZZ, female is ZW
- egg carries either Z or W
c. most ants and bees
- females are from fertilized eggs (are diploid)
- males are from unfertilized eggs (are haploid)

10. 4. types of sexual reproduction
a. oviparity
- externally laid eggs
- birds, most reptiles and amphibians

11. b. ovoviviparity
- internal eggs
- some reptiles, many fish (including most sharks)

12. c. viviparity
- developing young nourished by mother
(such as with a placenta)
- most mammals, some snakes and lizards, some fish

13. II. External Fertilization
A. Bony fish
B. Amphibians

14. III. Internal Fertilization
Several types
1. birds
2. reptiles

15. 3. mammals
- monotremes
- marsupials

16. - placental
- estrous cycle

17. IV. Males
A. Sperm
1. production and secretion
a. testes
- descend

19. b. seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production)
c. epididymis
- sperm stored and mature - become motile

20. d. vas deferens
e. urethra

21. 2. scrotum
- temperature regulation
3. testosterone

22. B. Penis
1. 3 cylinders of cavernous tissue
- usually retractable
2. dilation of arterioles/closure of venules
3. ejaculation
- around 2-5 ml of semen
million sperm per ml
- < 20 million per ml = infertile