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Chapter 27 The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929
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The Western Front in World War I
The Western Front in World War I. In a landscape ravaged by artillery fire, two soldiers dash for cover amid shell holes and the charred remains of a forest. p752
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Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East
The Ottoman Empire and Balkans Ottoman decline and the Young Turks Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy German desire to dominate Europe Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente Sarajevo, 1914: the trigger
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Early Twentieth Century Historical Events
empty cell Europe and North America Middle East East Asia 1900 1904 British-French Entente 1907 British-Russian Entente 1909 Young Turks overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid 1900 Boxer uprising in China Russo-Japanese War 1910 Balkan Wars 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparks World War 1 1916 Battles of Verdun and the Somme 1917 Russian Revolutions; United States enters the war 1918 Armistice ends World War 1 Civil war in Russia 1919 Treaty of Versailles 1912 Italy conquers Libya, last Ottoman territory in Africa 1915 British defeat at Gallipoli 1916 Arab Revolt in Arabia 1917 Balfour Declaration War between Turkey and Greece 1911 Chinese revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen overthrow Qing dynasty 1915 Japan presents Twenty-One Demands to China 1919 May Fourth Movement in China 1920 New Economic Policy in Russia 1922 Egypt nominally independent 1923 Mustafa Kemal proclaims Turkey a republic 1927 Guomindang forces occupy Shanghai and expel Communists The table shows historical events from the early twentieth century for Europe and North America, Middle East, and East Asia. p755
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Map of Europe in 1913 Map 27.1 Europe in On the eve of World War I, Europe was divided between two great alliance systems—the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the Entente (France, Great Britain, and Russia)—and their respective colonial empires. These alliances were not stable. When war broke out, the Triple Alliance lost Italy but gained the Ottoman Empire. © Cengage Learning Map 27.1 p756
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The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions, 1914–1918 part 1
Stalemate, 1914–1917 From confidence to stagnation Mass slaughter Tradition vs. military technology The Home Front and the War Economy Transformation of civilian life Opportunities for women The Ottoman Empire at War Armenians, Arabs and Zionists
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Women in World War I Women in World War I. Women played a more important role in World War I than in previous wars. As the armies drafted millions of men, employers hired women for essential war work. This poster extolls the importance of women workers in supplying munitions. p757
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The First World War in Europe
Map 27.2 The First World War in Europe. After an initial surge through Belgium into northern France, the German offensive bogged down for four years along the Western Front. To the East, the German armies conquered a large part of Russia during 1917 and early Despite spectacular victories in the east, Germany lost the war because its armies collapsed along the strategically important Western Front. © Cengage Learning Map 27.2 p758
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The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions, 1914–1918 part 2
Double Revolution in Russia State collapse and overthrow of Tsar Triumph of Lenin and Bolsheviks The End of the War in Western Europe, American entry into war Germany defeated
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Territorial Changes in Europe After World War I
Map 27.3 Territorial Changes in Europe After World War I. Although the heaviest fighting took place in western Europe, the territorial changes there were relatively minor. In eastern Europe, in contrast, the changes were enormous. The disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the defeat of Russia allowed a belt of new countries to arise, stretching from Finland in the north to Yugoslavia in the south. © Cengage Learning Map 27.3 p763
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Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919–1929
The Impact of the War 9-10 million combatants dead The Peace Treaties Germany and reparations Creation of new states from old empires Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy An Ephemeral Peace
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Lenin the Orator Lenin the Orator. The leader of the Bolshevik revolutionaries was a spellbinding orator. Here Lenin is addressing Red Army soldiers in Sverdlov Square, Moscow, in 1920. p765
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China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies
Social and Economic Change Population pressure and divided society in China Revolution and War, 1900–1918 Aftermath of Boxer defeat Sun Yat-Sen Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 1919–1929 Chiang Kai-shek
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The Bund in Shanghai The Bund in Shanghai. On the Bund, the most important street in Shanghai, banks, corporate headquarters, and luxury hotels faced the waterfront where ships from around the world docked. Although Shanghai was China’s industrial and commercial center, many of its workers loaded and unloaded ships by hand or pulled wealthy customers in rickshaws. p766
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The New Middle East The Mandate System European control and Arab land
The Rise of Modern Turkey Mustafa Kemal and modernization Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine European occupation Jewish immigration Arab alienation
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. After World War I, Mustafa Kemal was determined to modernize Turkey on the Western model. Here he is shown wearing a European-style suit and teaching the Latin alphabet. p769
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Territorial Changes in the Middle East After World War I
Map 27.4 Territorial Changes in the Middle East After World War I. The defeat and dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I resulted in an entirely new political map of the region. The Turkish Republic inherited Anatolia and a small piece of the Europe, while the Ottoman Empire’s Arab provinces were divided between France and Great Britain. Only Iran and Egypt did not change. Map 27.4 p772
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The Jewish Settlement of Palestine
The Jewish Settlement of Palestine. Thousands of Jews fleeing persecution and discrimination in Europe settled on the land and founded kibbutzim, or collective farms. In this picture taken in 1912, an eighty-four-year-old immigrant from Russia learns to plow the land. p773
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British Warship Maneuvering
British Warship Maneuvering. This camouflage-painted, smoke-spouting vessel symbolizes the supremacy of Britain’s navy in the World War I era. The British shift from coal to oil as a naval fuel triggered a change in petroleum supply-and-demand patterns that would strongly affect world politics in the following decades. p774
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