1. Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe

2. Era of Good Feelings
After the War of 1812, Americans had a sense of national pride.
Americans felt more loyalty toward the United States than toward their state or region. (Nationalism)

3. Political & Economic Nationalism Develops
Following the War of 1812, Americans had a sense of national pride
Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe: 5th President
Political & Economic Nationalism Develops

4. Nationalism:
Love for one’s country

5. Love for one’s region or section of a country
Sectionalism:

6. Economic Nationalism
American leaders worked to bind the nation together by creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers and improving transportation in order to link the country together.(American System)
Earlier, revenue tariffs provided income for the federal government.
The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff that helped American manufacturers by taxing imports to drive up their prices.

7. Economic Nationalism:
Henry Clay: “American System”
Goal:
To strengthen the American economy
How?
Improved Transportation
National Bank
Protective Tariffs

8. Provide low interest loans to expand business & industry
Re-chartered in 1816: By Republicans
Put in place by John Calhoun a man who later became a states rights advocate!!!
Opposed by who earlier? Republicans!!!
National Bank

9. Protective Tariff Allows American businesses to grow Tax on imports
Tariff of 1816 aimed at England
Tariff of 1828: Tariff of Abomination
1832: Compromise Tariff: Calhoun resignation, Nullification Crisis

10. Economic Nationalism
Why did American leaders want to create the Second Bank of the United States, impose a protective tariff, and improve the nation’s transportation system?
They wanted to unify the nation.

11. American System Goal= eliminate foreign competition
Developed by Congressman Henry Clay
It helped to spread Nationalism
How it worked
Goal= eliminate foreign competition
How- Wanted the North, West, and South to trade with each other.
Plan to protect business by:
Reinstating a national bank
Protective tariffs- taxes on foreign goods
Build roads and canals and improve transportation

12. Judicial Nationalism
The decision in Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee helped establish the Supreme Court as the nation’s court of final appeal.
The decision in McCulloch v. Maryland upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the US; doctrine of “implied powers” provided Congress more flexibility to enact legislation.(necessary and proper clause)
The decision in Gibbons v. Ogden, defined interstate commerce to mean that anything crossing state boundaries came under federal control

13. Marshall Court Decisions
McCulloch v. Maryland: Can States tax National Programs?
1) States cannot tax the national government
National Government over State Governments
2) National Bank was legal
National Bank will not be re-chartered in 1832: Andrew Jackson kills the BUS and sets off an economic downfall due to bank failures: Panic of 1837
Reinforced the doctrine of implied powers
National Bank

14. Gibbons v. Ogden Q: Who has the power to regulate navigation?
NY State gives steamboat ferry monopoly to Ogden
A: National government controls interstate commerce (trade)
(Under AOC the government would not have had the power to enforce.)
Hudson River: Under Articles of Confederation the government would not have had the power to enforce

15. Political: Foreign Policy
Nationalist Goals:
1803: Louisiana Purchase had already doubled the size of the U.S.
Expand & secure borders: Louisiana Purchase had doubled size of U.S.
Establish presence in world affairs

16. Spain agreed to give up Florida to the United States
Adams – Onis Treaty
Spain agreed to give up Florida to the United States
JQA negotiates the purchase after Jackson’s raid against the Seminoles.
JQA negotiates the purchase of this territory after Jackson’s raid against the Seminoles

17. Nationalism
Nationalism in the United States influenced the nation to expand its borders and assert itself in world affairs.
Spain ceded all of Florida to the US in the Adams-Onis Treaty.
The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States would prevent other countries from interfering in Latin American political affairs.

18. Monroe Doctrine
We will stay out of your mess in return
America warns Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere

19. Improved Transportation:
Allows people and goods to move throughout the country faster
American System: Internal Improvements
Federal funding vs State/Private Funding
Strict vs Loose interpretation
Canals
Roads
Internal Improvements Bill vetoed by James Madison & James Monroe: Federal funding vs. State/Private funding

20. Revolution in Transportation
In the early 1800’s, a transportation revolution, including the construction of the Erie Canal, occurred in the Northern states.
This led to great social and economic changes.
In 1807 the steamboat called the Clermont, designed by Robert Fulton, traveled upstream on the Hudson River.
Steamboats made river travel more reliable and upstream travel possible.

21. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
The Clermont

22. Revolution in Transportation
Railroads were built in America in the early 1800’s and helped settle the West and expand trade among the nation’s regions.
Why were railroads the most influential method of transportation in America in the 1800’s?
Trains traveled faster than stagecoaches or wagons and they could go anywhere that track was laid.

23. Demands of the National Economy promotes the “Transportation Revolution”
Roads
Canals
Steamboats
Trains

24. Turnpikes (Toll Roads):
- Built by private companies from
- Cumberland Road: Allowed wagon traffic from the seaboard to the Ohio River Valley: National Road
National Road

26. Example of an Old Road

27. Erie Canal “Clinton’s Big Ditch” Opened in 1825
- Linked New York City with New Orleans

28. Erie Canal
Describe the Event
It helped to spread Nationalism
A waterway was built that connected the Great Lakes to New York City
Connected the west to the east
Made trade and travel
easier
Greatest invention of that time. It allowed Americans to brag
Helped increase western settlement

30. Erie Canal – 363 Miles long; 4 feet deep
Buffalo to New York – 10 Days

31. Steamboats: Faster river travel

32. Most important change of the Transportation Revolution
Fast, Reliable, and cheaper than canals
1828: B&O
1860:30,000 miles of track laid: ¾ in the north
Trains:

33. Changes in Transportation
It helped to spread Nationalism
Helped to connect the east to the west.
Helped with westward expansion
Led to economic growth
Brought the country closer together

34. Economic Nationalism leads to Sectional Specialization
The United States was growing:
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of the United States
Each section develops own unique economy

35. Industrialization Northeast
Factory System expands:
Samuel Slater: “Father of the Factory System” Machine: “Spinning Jenny”
Embargo Act and War of 1812 cut off competition from England
Factors that lead to industrialization: Embargo Act and War of 1812 cut off competition from England

36. A New System of Production
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1700’s.
Industry developed quickly in the United States in the early 1800’s.
Important factors included free enterprise and the passage of general incorporation laws. The most important reason was private property rights.
Industrialization began in the Northeast, where there were swift-flowing streams used to power the factories.

37. - Rivers and streams
- Capital resources
- Poor agricultural conditions
- Large labor supply

38. Lowell System All in one production facility
“Factory Girls” (New factories replace home spun cloth forcing women to the work place)
Change from traditional work: “Republican Mothers”
New factories replace home spun cloth forcing women to the work place
Horrible working conditions: Commonwealth vs Hunt
New England becomes the center of textile production

39. A New System of Production
In 1814 Francis C. Lowell opened several textile mills in northeastern Massachusetts. He started mass production of cotton cloth in the United States.
Eli Whitney developed the idea of interchangeable parts in the gun-making industry.
Machines were able to produce large amounts of identical pieces that workers assembled into finished good.

40. A New System of Production
Samuel F. B. Morse perfected the telegraph in 1832.
He developed the Morse code for sending messages.
Spurred by journalists, more than 50,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country by 1860.

41. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

42. The Rise of Large Cities
Industrialization in the US in the early to mid-1800’s caused many people to move from farms and villages to cities in search of factory jobs and higher wages.
Many city populations doubled or tripled.
During the early 1800’s, agriculture was the country’s leading economic activity.
Most people were employed in farming until the late 1800’s.

43. Family Farm
Farming was more important in the South than in the North because there was little manufacturing there.
As the North began to focus on manufacturing, the South’s economy continued to depend on agriculture and slavery.
Farming employed more people and produced more wealth than any other kind of work.

44. Diversified Farming West
Fertile farmland in Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys
Immigration: German and Irish Immigrants
Germans tended to move to the Western areas and farm
Irish tended to stay in the cities
- Attracts people from the east and Europe

45. Small farms give way to specialized farms
Wheat:
- Northern Plains
Corn and Livestock:
-Ohio River Valley
Cyrus McCormick & John Deere make improvements on farming equipment to increase output
Tobacco:
- Kentucky

46. Northeastern Needs:
Southern Cotton
Western food

47. Southern Needs:
Northern Manufactured Goods
Western Food

48. Western Needs:
Northern Manufactured Goods

49. The Transportation Revolution led to the development of the National Economy
North
West
South

50. Plantation Agriculture South
The Cotton Gin
Increased
Productivity
# of Plantations
Cash-Crop Economy
“King Cotton”
Indian Removal Act of 1830: Trail of Tears clears land for cotton growers

51. Inventions Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin: removed seeds from cotton fiber
Provides the mills with large quantities of cotton to turn into cloth
Interchangeable Parts:
Mass production of machine equipment

52. John Deere & the Steel Plow

53. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

54. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

55. Southern Economy
In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which combed the seeds out of cotton bolls.
This invention greatly increased the production of cotton in the South and made cotton the major cash crop.
At the same time the cotton gin was invented, textile mills in Europe wanted more and more cotton.

56. Southern Economy
The cotton gin made southern planters rich, but it created a huge demand for slave labor.
Between 1820 and 1860, the number of enslaved people in the South almost tripled.
The South did not industrialize as quickly as the North and relied mostly on imported goods.

57. Society in the South
A class structure developed in the South with the top class being planters – or plantation owners. This group dominated the political and legal systems.
Yeoman Farmers, or ordinary farmers who usually worked the land themselves, made up most of the white population of the South.
Near the bottom were the rural poor followed by the African Americans, most of whom were enslaved.

58. Slavery There were two basic labor systems for the slaves.
The task system was used on farms and small plantations. Workers were given specific jobs to finish every day.
Slaves worked until their tasks were done, and then they were allowed to do other things.
Some earned money as artisans, or they gardened or hunted for extra food.

59. Slavery
Large plantations used the gang system. Slaves were put in work gangs that labored in the fields from sunup to sundown.
The director of the work gang was called the driver.
Frederick Douglass was a former slave who became a leader of the antislavery movement.

60. Slavery
State slave codes forbade enslaved persons from owning property or from leaving their owner’s land without permission.
They could not own firearms or testify in court against a white person.
They could not learn to read and write.
Free African Americans lived in both the South and the North.

61. Slavery
A few were descendants of Africans brought to the US as indentured servants in the 1700s.
Some earned their freedom from fighting in the American Revolution.
Others were half-white children of slaveholders, who had given them freedom.
Others had bought their freedom or been freed by their slaveholders.

62. Coping with Enslavement
African Americans developed a culture that provided them with a sense of unity, pride, and support.
Songs helped field workers pass the long workday and enjoy their leisure time.
Songs were important to African American religion, which was one of the most important parts of African American culture.
Many believed in Christianity, which sometimes included some African religious traditions.

63. Coping with Enslavement
Many slaves rebelled against their forced lifestyle.
They held work slowdowns, broke tools, set fires, or ran away.
Some killed their slaveholders.
Nat Turner, an enslaved minister who believed that God chose him to free his people, led a group of African Americans in an uprising killing 50 white people before he was hanged.

64. POTENTIAL EXPANSION PROBLEM
SLAVERY

65. The Missouri Compromise
Nat Turner’s Rebellion led to harsher and more repressive slave laws
In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state.
This set off the divisive issue as to whether slavery should expand westward.
The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states.
Admitting any new state, either slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the Senate.

66. Missouri Compromise (1820)
Missouri applies for statehood in 1819
Senate: 11 free states & 11 slave states

67. The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise called for admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.
An amendment was added to the compromise that prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouri’s southern border.

68. The Compromise Missouri enters Union as a slave state
Maine enters Union as a free state
A line is drawn at 36/30
Above it = Free
Below it = Slave
Compromise Created by Henry Clay

71. The Missouri Compromise
Why did many leaders believe that the Missouri Compromise was only a temporary solution?
They knew that as soon as other territories applied for admission to the Union, the issue of the balance of political power between the free states and the slave states would reemerge.

72. The Election of 1824 Four candidates ran for president in 1824.
Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson represented the West. John Quincy Adams represented the North and William Crawford had support of the South.
Adams favored internal improvements but not a tariff and Jackson ran on his heroism at the Battle of New Orleans.

73. William H. Crawford [GA] 1824 Presidential Election
Henry Clay [KY]
Andrew Jackson
[TN}
John Quincy Adams [MA]
William H. Crawford [GA]
1824 Presidential Election

74. Election of 1824
Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College.
The election then went to the House of Representatives to select the president from the three candidates with the highest number of electoral votes.
Clay was eliminated, so he threw his support to John Quincy Adams.

75. Election of 1824 Adams won the House vote.
Jackson’s nephew accused Clay of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state.
Jackson’s supporters accused Adams and Clay of a “corrupt bargain.”
They took the name Democratic-Republicans to point out their differences with Adams’s party, the National Republicans.

76. Results of the 1824 Election
A “Corrupt Bargain?”

77. The Election of 1824
The Democratic-Republicans later shortened their name to Democrats.
What was the “corrupt bargain”?
Jackson’s nephew accused Clay of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state. Jackson’s supporters accused Adams and Clay of a “corrupt bargain”.

78. The Election of 1828
The candidates were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.
The campaign turned into mudslinging. The candidates criticized each other’s personalities and morals.
Adams claimed Jackson was incompetent.
Jackson portrayed himself as the candidate of the common man and said Adams was an out-of-touch aristocrat.

79. The Election of 1828 Jackson won the election of 1828.
Many voters who supported him were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent their interests.

80. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c
Impact of decreasing property ownership requirements?
More “common people” can vote