1. Chapter 10 Roads and Arches
By: Madison Dietsche

2. Vocabulary Pons Sublicious pg.117 Aqueducts pg.123
Via Appia pg Pont Du Gard pg.124
Milestone/Miliarium pg.118 Castellum pg.124
Gromae pg Amphitheater pg.124
Concrete pg Colosseum of Rome pg.124
Pons Fabricius pg Occulus pg.126
Alcantara pg Pantheon pg.126
Triumphal arch pg Entablature pg.122

3. Early Roads and Bridges
Via Appia (Appian Way)
The Via Appia is the oldest paved road found in Europe.
It was built by Censor Appius Claudius Caecus in 312 BCE
Via Flaminia
.The Via Flaminia ran from rome across the Apennine Mountains to rimini on the adriatic coast.
It was built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BCE
By late republic paved roads connected all important areas in Italy
Fact: Most of the roads were named from the person that constructed it.

4. Early roads and Bridges (Continued)
Pons Sublicious-
Built by Ancus Marcius in the 7th Century BCE
First bridge across the Tiber
Linked to major trade routes
Facts
The average width of a road was 12-15ft. wide (enough space for two legions to pass.)
Some of the heaviest labor was done by slaves.
Every legion had its own squad of surveyors and engineers.

6. Getting Started
Surveyors chose a spot in the horizon or a large tree and build the road toward it.(If there was not a natural object that could be used they sent a soldier to light a fire and they would use smoke as a marker.)
Every mile in the process of building a road was marked by a milestone.
Milestone/Miliarium- A tall cylinder on top of a rectangular base that waset two feet into the ground but still stood high.
Miliarium aurem- 12 foot column encased in bronze that marked all of the major cities in the empire
Gromae- Used to ensure that two roads were intersecting at 90 angle.

7. Building Roads (procedure)
Mark out the outer boundaries.
Dig shallow ditch and place curbstones in them.
Soldiers dug a trench about 4ft deep.
Shovel a layer of sand in the trench.
Roll over the sand to make it flat and cover it with a layer of finely cut gravel.
Roll over the fine gravel and place the mixture of chunks of rocks which turned into concrete.
Soldiers arranged paving blocks tightly .

9. The Arch
An arch is a curved structure supported by to posts or columns.
Could support very heavy weight.
The romans invented concrete which followed the same formula as cement only they added pozzolana and some stone rubble. This made the arch stronger and able to support more weight.
Arc de Triomphe

10. Famous Structures
Pons Fabricius (Fabricius Bridge) oldest roman bridge still in use.
Alcantara one of the finest roman bridges. Built 105 AD, 655 ft long and supported by six huge arches.
Triumphal arch freestanding arch it was a symbol of power and victory. this arch was topped/crowned with a entablature (a rectangular top)

12. Aqueducts A bridge used for travel of water instead of people.
Latin for conveyor of water
Depended on the force of gravity to deliver the water to where it needed to be.
Early aqueducts were placed under ground to keep enemies from poisoning the water and to keep it from getting polluted.
Pont du Gard

13. Aqueducts continued
Pont du Gard helped to supply 20,000 tons of water to the city of Nimes daily.
Every aqueduct led to a huge water tower called a castellum.
Cloaca Maxima Romes first sewer that is still in use today.
Barrel Vault series of arches used to form a barrel like roof.

14. Amphitheater Means theater all around
A large circular arena formed by arches used for public entertainment.
Colosseum of Rome was completed by Titus in 80 AD. It was the largest amphitheater built in the empire.

15. The Dome A series of arches formed into a circle.
occulus an opening in the center of the dome
pantheon is a temple built in honor of the gods.
meant all the gods

16. Thanks For watching!
Bye!