1. Essential Questions Why did cities grow?
Why would people want to leave the farm to go to the cities?
What are some problems with cities?
What jobs did immigrants hold?
What was America’s message to outsiders?
What were the main reasons to PUSH immigration?
What were the main reasons to PULL immigration?

2. How would immigrants use their large numbers to gain political power?
What is the political machine?
What was the social gospel and the settlement house?
How did the government keep government jobs fair?
Define the Sherman Anti-trust Act:
Why was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act important to small business?

3. Rise of Cities
Between Urban population of the US grew by 552%
million
million
Cities grow because of…..
Immigration
Rural to urban migration- people leave the farm due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of agriculture, more opportunity in cities

4. Cities
African Americans begin to move, not large movement North until after WWI.
Move to the city in response to limited opportunities in rural areas
Mechanization of Agriculture
Problems
Overcrowding
Crime
Disease
Poverty
Exploitation
Water-Sanitation
Pollution

5. Progressivism > Jacob Riis, “Bandit’s Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street,” c. 1888

6. Immigration http://historyproject. ucdavis. edu/imageapp. php
The United States is a nation of immigrants. By /4 of population was born in another country.
Immigration to the United States occurs in waves.
The First Wave of Immigrants:
Irish- 2 million
German- 1.5 million
British- 750,000
Scandinavia
,000 immigrants
,000 per year
,000
Second Wave of Immigration
million arrive
million arrive
1910 ½ the people of cities are Immigrants

8. Immigrants 1870- 1 in 7 were Irish Immigrants (New York)
Southern and Eastern Europe
Italians 3.6 million come.
Greeks
Russian (Jews)
Turks
Polish
Serbian
In the West- Chinese and then Japanese
,000 Immigrants landed in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans
Most were unskilled:
Worked in Factories
Construction
Docks
Warehouses
Domestic Servants

10. Immigration Waves > Alfred Stieglitz, “The Steerage,” 1907
photograph of “immigrants” returning to Europe
Alfred Stieglitz
The Steerage
1907

11. Construction of Racial Difference > Emphasizing difference
This print, though different from the published version, was made from the same negative. It represents one stage leading to the creation of the finished print. To Genthe's left is a blurry area that once included a second figure. Genthe, through retouching, eliminated this second figure from the photograph.

12. Construction of Racial Difference > Emphasizing difference
The original negative is different from the two preceding prints. In it, Genthe occupies a small part of the street scene and the second figure on Genthe's left is visible. Genthe created the printed or final version by cropping the background and retouching the second figure.

13. Construction of Racial Difference > “Pigtail Parade,” 1908
Retouching was another photographic technique Genthe employed. At times he drew, etched, or applied dye onto a negative in order to change how the image would print. In "Pigtail Parade," published in Old Chinatown (1908), Genthe drew directly on the negative to enhance certain details of the figures.

14. Immigrants Congregate Together
What does this map show?

15. Emma Lazarus- Poet America’s message to all outsiders:
“Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.”

16. Immigration Push Factors Pull Factors
Factors that pushed immigrants out of their native lands to America:
Poverty-
Lack of Economic Opportunity
Political Repression - No freedom
Ethnic conflict-
War- conscription
No jobs
No hope of a future
Famine/ starvation/drought
Pull Factors
Factors that pulled immigrants out of their native lands to America:
Economic Opportunity
Jobs/ workers were needed
Land $
A future of land ownership
Peace and stability
Freedom to make a better life

17. How did/do people react to immigrants coming to America?
Whenever a new group enters into an established community tension is caused and a pattern of development can be seen. Why?
Examples:
When the Irish came in the 1840’s the established groups of British and Germans did not like the new Irish.
Xenophobia- anti foreigner attitudes
Nativism- The idea of blaming immigrants for problems.

19. City life for Immigrants
The “New” group usually congregates together and forms an almost isolated community and institutions in the giant and growing cities of America.
The Irish came together in great neighborhoods and sections of all Eastern Cities.
They formed their own political groups and parties.
Used their large numbers to build powerful political groups that dominated some large Cities and industries in those cities.

20. Political Machine:
Was an organization of political and community leaders that manipulated democracy for material gain.
Leaders of an ethnic community would use their influence to raid public funds and offer rewards to loyal community members.

22. Social Gospel Idea to be a good Christian is to help the poor
Settlement Houses represent these ideas

23. Settlement Houses
Tries to improve the lives of Immigrants through education, classes on cleanliness…

24. Progressives > Jane Addams’s Hull House Complex, 1902
A view of the southeast corner of the Hull-House complex, with the Residents' Apartments in the foreground and extending to the west (left). At the far left is the Jane Club building, completed in 1898, and along the right are, from the center, the Courtyard gate with a second story studio, completed in 1902, the Men's Club building, completed in 1902, the Butler building, with its third story completed in 1896, the courtyard (with the original mansion hidden from view), and Children's building to the far right.
Original Caption: Ewing and Halsted Street Fronts [of Hull-House].
Artist/Photographer: Unknown
Date: 1902
Source: Allen B. Pond, "The 'Settlement House,'" part 3, The Brickbuilder 11, no. 9 (September 1902): 179.

25. Progressives > Hull House Kindergarten Class, 1902
Original Caption: [Chicago Commons] Kindergarten Detail.
Artist/Photographer: Unknown
Date: 1902
Source: Allen B. Pond, "The 'Settlement House,'" part 2, The Brickbuilder 11, no. 8 (August 1902): 164.

26. Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883
The Pendleton Civil Service Act established an independent three-member
Civil Service Commission that would fill government jobs on the basis of an entrance exam and not favoritism- Anti-Corruption measure

27. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first legislation to limit trusts
It was based on the constitutional power to regulate interstate trade
Stockholders transferred their shares to one person or trustees who then controlled the company and eliminated competition
The Sherman Act authorized the government to dismember trusts and to prevent monopolies.

28. Progressives
22. Progressive Era
Origins of Progressivism
Progressive attitudes and motives
Muckrakers
Social Gospel
Municipal, state, and national reforms
Political: suffrage
Social and economic: regulation
Socialism: alternatives
Black America
Washington, Du Bois, and Garvey
Urban migration
Civil rights organizations
Women's role: family, work, education, unionization, and suffrage
Roosevelt's Square Deal
Managing the trusts
Conservation
Taft
Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Wilson's New Freedom
Tariffs
Banking reform
Antitrust Act of 1914

31. Progressivism > Cartoon about the Melting Pot, 1889

39. Chinese Exclusion > Acts of 1882, 1884, and 1888 and related legislation
Only Chinese non-laborers and those who were born in the U.S. can enter
Those who resided in the U.S. prior to 1880 can remain if they don’t leave the country
If they leave they can come back if they have at least one thousand dollars worth of property or debts owned to them
The status of wife and child followed that of a husband
No Chinese could be naturalized as U.S. citizen

40. Chinese Exclusion > Cartoon on the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882