1. INTD409 Interior Environmental Technology Fall 2016/17
University of Nizwa
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
Dept. of Architecture & Interior
INTD409 Interior Environmental Technology Fall 2016/17
General Review
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

2. General Review
1- Introduction to Green Building and Indoor Environmental Quality.
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable Design
3- Thermal comfort
3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort
3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body
3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors
4- Green Design Controls
4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4-2. Lighting Design
4-3. Water System design
4-4. Energy management system
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 1

3. General Review
1- Introduction to Green Building and Indoor Environmental Quality.
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable Design
3- Thermal comfort
3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort
3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body
3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors
4- Green Design Controls
4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4-2. Lighting Design
4-3. Water System design
4-4. Energy management system
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning

4. General Review 1- Introduction to Green Building.
1-a. What is a “Green Building”
1-b. Why go “Green”?
1-c. Is “Green” real or just a theory?

5. General Review 1- Introduction to Green Building.
1-a. What is a “Green Building”?
“ Green” Buildings are high performance structures that meet certain standards for reducing natural resource consumption

6. General Review
1- Introduction to Green Building.

7. General Review The “built environment” accounts for approximately:
1- Introduction to Green Building.
1-b. Why go “Green”?
The “built environment” accounts for approximately:
40% of global consumption of raw materials
37% of primary energy consumption (operations)
68% of electricity consumption
12% of potable water consumption
40% of solid waste stream
35% of carbon dioxide emissions

8. General Review 1- Introduction to Green Building. 1-b. Why go “Green”?
Increased flexibility to allow for longer building and useful life and reuse of materials
Improved building performance
Increase the building value (Lower cost )& improved productivity.

9. General Review 1- Introduction to Green Building.
1-c. Is “Green” real or just a theory?
The fact is the green building achieved…
Reducing environmental impact
Reducing operating costs
Increasing occupant comfort and productivity

10. 2 General Review 1- Introduction to Green Building.
1-c. Is “Green” real or just a theory? 2

11. General Review
1- Introduction to Green Building and Indoor Environmental Quality.
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable Design
3- Thermal comfort
3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort
3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body
3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors
4- Green Design Controls
4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4-2. Lighting Design
4-3. Water System design
4-4. Energy management system
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning

12. General Review 2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“
Green Building standards include:
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Green Globes
Model Green Homebuilding Guidelines
BuiltGreen
Energy Star
Living Building

13. General Review 2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1-a. sustainable rating Systems " LEED“.
LEED – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Administered by the U. S. Green Building Council
2-1-b. Why LEED?
Reducing environmental impact
Reducing operating costs
Increasing occupant comfort and productivity

14. General Review 2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1-c. sustainable rating Systems " LEED“.
Category
Possible points
Sustainable Sites (SS) 26
Water Efficiency (WE) 10
Energy & Atmosphere (EA) 35
Materials & Resources (MR) 15
Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ)
Innovation & Design Process (ID) 5
Regional Priority 4
Totals:
110

15. LEED Certification Levels
General Review
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1-c. sustainable rating Systems " LEED“.
LEED Certification Levels
Certified:
points
Silver:
points
Gold:
points
Platinum:
80 points and above

16. General Review 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2-2-a. Sustainable Sites (SS)
2-2-b. Water Efficiency (WE)
2-2-c. Energy & Atmosphere (EA)
2-2-d. Materials & Resources (MR)
2-2-e. Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ)

17. General Review 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2-2-a. Sustainable Sites (SS)
Site Selection
Density and Connectivity
Brownfield Redevelopment
Alternative Transportation
Site Development – Habitat/Open Space
Storm water Control
Reduction of “Heat Island” Effect
Light Pollution Reduction

18. General Review 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2-2-b. Water Efficiency (WE)
Water Use Reduction
Water Efficient Landscaping
Innovative Wastewater Technology

19. General Review 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2-2-c. Energy & Atmosphere (EA)
Energy Efficiency
Renewable Energy
Building Commissioning

20. General Review 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2-2-d. Materials & Resources (MR)
Building Reuse
Construction Waste Management
Materials Reuse
Recycled Materials
Regional Materials
Rapidly Renewing Materials
Certified Wood

21. 3 General Review 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable design (SD)
2-2-e. Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ)
Ventilation
Low-Emitting Materials
Controllable Systems: Lighting - Thermal
Thermal Comfort
Daylight & Views 3

22. General Review
1- Introduction to Green Building and Indoor Environmental Quality.
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable Design
3- Thermal comfort
3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort
3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body
3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors
4- Green Design Controls
4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4-2. Lighting Design
4-3. Water System design
4-4. Energy management system
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning

23. General Review “That condition of mind which expresses
3- Thermal comfort
3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-1-a. what is thermal Comfort
“That condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment
and is assessed by subjective evaluation.”

24. General Review 3- Thermal comfort 3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-1-b. what’s the Environmental Comfort Factors
Air temperature (dry bulb – deg F)
Relative humidity (%)
Air speed (ft per min)
Radiant conditions
Mean radiant temperature [MRT] in deg F
or other radiation value in Btuh per sf
These factors are controllable through design – a passive system
should control all four factors; an active (HVAC) system is expected to control the first three (with “architecture” controlling the fourth)

25. General Review 3- Thermal comfort 3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-1-c. Definitions
3-1-C-1. Conduction
The flow of heat between two adjacent and touching solids (or from one part to another part within an object) by direct interaction between molecules
3-1-C-2. Convection
The flow of heat from the surface of a material to/from a surrounding fluid (usually air); the free motion of molecules of the fluid is very important in promoting heat flow

26. General Review 3- Thermal comfort 3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-1-C-3. Radiation
The flow of heat between objects that are not in direct contact—but that can “see” each other via electromagnetic radiation; the objects may be a few inches or a million miles apart
3-1-C-4. Evaporation
The flow of heat that must be provided as a material changes state (from a liquid to a gas); this heat represents the energy required to break molecular bonds (called the latent heat of vaporization)

27. General Review 3- Thermal comfort
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort
Physical Context of Thermal Comfort
-- dishealth
conditions the body’s response

28. General Review 3- Thermal comfort
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort

29. General Review Fundamentally, comfort involves a heat balance
3- Thermal comfort
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort
Fundamentally, comfort involves a heat balance
(a thermal equilibrium) … where:
heat in ≈ heat out
where “heat in” is provided by metabolism, radiation, conduction, convection
where “heat out” is via radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

30. General Review 3- Thermal comfort 3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body
Conduction (sensible)
Convection (sensible)
Radiation (sensible)
Evaporation/Condensation (latent)

31. General Review Sensible Heat Latent Heat
3- Thermal comfort
3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body
Sensible Heat
Flows via conduction, radiation, and convection
Flow rate is generally related to space temperatures
Latent Heat
Flows via evaporation
Flow rate is generally related to space humidity
Total Heat Flow = sensible + latent flows

32. 4 General Review 3- Thermal comfort
3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors
data logging
air temperature,
RH, wind speed
air speed
surface
temperature 4

33. General Review
1- Introduction to Green Building and Indoor Environmental Quality.
2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance
2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“
2-2. The five rolls of sustainable Design
3- Thermal comfort
3-1. Introduction & Definitions
3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort
3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body
3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors
4- Green Design Controls
4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4-2. Lighting Design
4-3. Water System design
4-4. Energy management system
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning

34. General Review 4- Green Design Controls 4-a. Process Recommendations
Select experienced and innovative design team
Develop quantifiable goals
Hire a Commissioning Agent prior to design
Use an integrated design approach
Plan for preventive maintenance (PM)
Train facility operators and occupants
Cooperative environment for decision makers

35. General Review 4- Green Design Controls 4-a. Process Recommendations
Intense effort to identify and address issues in a short time
Listen and understand needs and limitations
Envision realistic and creative solutions
Record ideas as they are introduced
Effectively express ideas in a plan to serve as a vehicle to move the process forward
Owner well-defined goals (OPR)

36. General Review 4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4- Green Design Controls
4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4-1-a. Orientation
4-1-b. Thermal mass
4-1-c. Surface to volume ratio
4-1-d. Positioning of windows , shading
4-1-e. Selection of materials for wall , roof, windows, including insulation
4-1-f. Landscaping

37. General Review 4-1-1. Architectural design 4- Green Design Controls
4-1-1-a. Effect of orientation on cooling load
North – south orientation would reduce cooling loads by 1.5%
4-1-1-b. Effect of efficient materials
Roof and wall insulation reduced cooling load by 23
Insulated windows reduced cooling load by 9% (window to wall ratio 7%)‏

38. General Review 4-1-1. Architectural design 4- Green Design Controls
4-1-1-c. Use onsite sources and sinks
Day lighting
Earth cooling
Natural Ventilation (night cooling)
4-1-1-d. Earth cooling
Earth cooling has helped do away with conventional space cooling and heating techniques for about 8 months a year

40. General Review 4-1-2. Site planning 4- Green Design Controls
4-1-2-a. Sustainability at Site
Replace asphalt with concrete where possible
Plant trees in vegetation strips around parking lots or sidewalks.
Consolidate parking into a parking garage
Bio swales
Filtration basins (filters)

41. General Review 4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4- Green Design Controls
4-1. Architectural design/Site planning
4-1-2-a. Sustainability at Site
Detention Ponds / Retention Ponds
Vegetated filter strips
Pervious paving
Vegetated/Garden Roofs
Energy Star rated roofing systems
High reflectivity coatings

42. General Review 4-2. Lighting Design 4- Green Design Controls
The passive solar practice of placing windows, or other transparent
media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural
sunlight provides effective internal illumination.

43. General Review 4-2. Lighting Design 4- Green Design Controls
Use of effective solar control strategies (overhangs) and high performance glazing limit associated solar gains.
Achieving this daylight credit will likely increase energy savings in the Energy and Atmosphere credits. This is largely due to savings in the electric lighting that results from well daylight spaces.
Day lighting strategies can have synergies with other energy efficiency strategies such as displacement ventilation

44. General Review 4-2. Lighting Design 4- Green Design Controls
Minimize site lighting where possible
Full cut-off luminaries
Low-reflectance surfaces
Low-angle spotlights

45. General Review 4-3. Water System design 4- Green Design Controls
4-3-a. Successful Strategies for Water Use Reduction, 20% - 30%.
Dual flush water closets
Ultra low-flow water closets and urinals
Waterless Urinals
Sensor-operated, Low-flow lavatories
Rainwater collection reuse systems
Gray water reuse systems

46. General Review 4-3. Water System design 4- Green Design Controls
4-3-b. Successful Strategies for Reduce potable water consumption for landscape by 50% over
Drought tolerant plants
Drip irrigation, moisture-sensing irrigation technologies
Recycled rainwater system
Municipally-provided non-potable water source use

47. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
4-4-a. Whole building energy optimization
4-4-b. Photovoltaic

48. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
4-4-a. Whole building energy optimization

49. Lighting requirements
General Review
High Efficiency
Pumps
AHUs, FCUs
Cooling Towers
Chillers
Reduced
HVAC
requirements
Energy
Water Heating
Lighting requirements
Building
Envelope
design
Sensors,
Controls
Daylighting
High Performance
Glazing
Insulation
Passive Systems
Lamps, Ballasts,
Luminaires
Controls:
Enthalpy control,
Economizer,
Reheat by Steam
Occupancy Load,
Equipment Schedule
Whole building energy optimization

50. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
4-4-b. Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (Solar electric) is a device which produce free electrons when exposed to light resulting in power generation.
Photovoltaic does not release any of the green house gases when in use.
Photovoltaic uses a non-conventional, renewable source of energy which has no adverse effects on the environment.
23 kW solar photovoltaic system 55% energy savings over base building

51. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
4-4-b-1. Photovoltaic Applications
4-4-b-1-a. Flat Roofs

52. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
Photovoltaic Applications
4-4-b-1-b. Facades

53. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
Photovoltaic Applications
4-4-b-1-c. Shading Elements

54. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
Photovoltaic Applications
4-4-b-1-d. Atria & Skylight

55. General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls
Photovoltaic Applications
4-4-b-1-e. Roof Top

56. General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
4- Green Design Controls
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
The main purpose of commercial HVAC
(Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning) systems is to provide the people working inside the building with “conditioned “ air .

57. General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
4- Green Design Controls
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has established standards which outline air quality for indoor comfort conditions that are acceptable to 80% or more of a commercial building's occupants. Generally, these indoor comfort conditions, sometimes called the "comfort zone,"

58. General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
4- Green Design Controls
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
Standers
Systems may be clustered at a central location and serve an entire campus of buildings
Locate system away from acoustically sensitive areas of the building
Selecting efficient air conditioning based on your climate.

59. General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
4- Green Design Controls
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
Standers
Selecting the proper type of and efficient heating system for your climate Designing and sealing air distribution systems properly
Replace CFC-based refrigerant.
Consider non-refrigerant based cooling such as evaporative cooling in dryer climates.
Consider photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, wind, biomass, and bio-gas energy technologies

60. General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
4- Green Design Controls
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
Standers
Sophisticated Electrical Management Systems, Building Automation Systems or Direct Digital Control systems inherently include most of the required monitoring points.
Combine carbon dioxide monitors with demand based ventilation.

61. General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
4- Green Design Controls
4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning
Standers
Include carbon dioxide sensor points in BAS/DDC for system design automation.
Consider adjustable under floor air diffusers, or thermostat controlled VAV boxes.
Operable windows can be used in lieu of comfort controls for occupants of areas that are 20 feet inside of and 10 feet to either side of the operable part of the window

62. General Review 4- Green Design Controls 4-b. Conclusion
Optimize day lighting to full possible extent
Building orientation, photocell controls with dimmable ballasts
Reduces lighting and cooling loads
Daylight glass and view glass are not the same
Efficient lighting design
Lighting Power Density < 1 W/ft2
Pendant direct/indirect
Occupancy sensors, auto night shut-off
Dedicated outdoor air treatment
Energy Recovery Ventilator or Demand-Controlled Ventilation
Centralize exhaust zones for energy recovery

63. General Review 4-b. Conclusion 4- Green Design Controls
Efficient, tight envelope
Appropriate, well-installed insulation
Low-e, low- Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) windows (esp. east/west facing)
Shading for south facing windows
Light colored roof
High efficiency HVAC with optimized control system
Balance with maintenance concerns
Size properly, incorporate strategies for variable loads
Energy star appliances and office equipment
Use energy modeling iteratively to identify and reduce loads, and optimize efficiency of design

64. General Review
QUESTIONS?