1. Quick Review Unit 4: Early Modern (1450 - 1700)
Ch 16 economy goes global
Ch 17 changes within Europe
Ch 18 westernization, expansion in Russia

2. Latin America
Chapter 19

3. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of prelates, great noblemen of our kingdoms, and other persons of learning and wisdom of our Council, having taken deliberation about this matter, resolve to order the said Jews and Jewesses of our kingdoms to depart and never to return or come back to them or to any of them.

4. Iberians Political centralization - trained bureaucrats
Merchant / trade experience
Tradition of slavery
Patriarchal family structure

5. Venice, Genoa - Asia trade

6. Chronology of conquest
1700’s
initial conquest and organization
immigration, death of locals
guns, germs, steel
consolidation and maturity
political and economic development
reform and reorganization
more intense connection, seeds of rebellion

7. Treaty of Tordesillas
gave “New World” to Spanish based on exploration of Columbus
370 leagues West of Cape Verde islands = Spain
Portugal gets “Brazil”, later used as argument for control over spice islands

8. Caribbean example Taino people Hispaniola Haiti Dominican Republic
“Testing Ground”

9. private land grants with local labor
Conquest
encomiendas =
__________ = forced labor system of natives in Peru, similar elsewhere…also slavery
2 main areas of concentration
conquerors - empire only 1/5 of treasure, men join for shares / material motive
192 Spanish cities by 1570
private land grants with local labor
mita
Mexico - Aztecs
(Cortez )
25 million -> 2 million
Peru - Incas (Pizarro )
10 million -> 1.5 million

10. 1570 - 1700 consolidation ECONOMY haciendas self-sufficient
Spanish America was 80% agricultural, but $ was in mining…..silver in Potosi provided 4/5 for entire empire
Board of Trade in Spain controlled trade
haciendas
_______________ - Spanish ranches with native labor, food for use in Americans, only sugar + cacao exported
imported sheep provided clothing industry
self-sufficient
consolado - merchant guild, handled exports / silver imports
galleons - heavy, armed ships, regular trips

11. 1570 - 1700 consolidation SPANISH GOVERNMENT King - Council of Indies
viceroys (2) - military and legal power of king
audiencias (10) - judicial divisions
magistrates - collected taxes, applied laws, assigned work to local people…….famous for corruption
letrados - university trained lawyers, “men of letters”

12. 1570 - 1700 consolidation Catholic Church
missionary orders of priests - Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits - worked with people
leadership - appointed by government
Justification for control over New World
influenced culture- architecture, art, publication of books, founding of schools

13. Society in Latin America
sociedad de castas
Spanish
Indian, indigenous
Slave
peninsulares - Spanish born
creoles - born in New World
mestizo
mulatto
BRAZIL - 2/3 African or mulatto

14. Family male dominated society legal authority over children until 25
women = couldn’t hold government office, under authority of husband….but did have rights to inheritance, some property rights

15. 1700’s reorganization Internal problems(in the Americas)
weaker system, independent colonies, less silver back to Spain, corruption
independence identity from Europe
External problems (rest of Europe)
challenge by Protestant and mercantile Britain and Netherlands, stronger France
European wars, increasing debt, declining population
ideas of the enlightenment

16. 1700’s reforms “enlightened despots”
Bourbon family in Spain
Charles III set to “revive Spain” through colonies
expelled Jesuits, improved navy, model of French bureaucracy, new viceroys reported corruption, replaced creoles with governors
gov ran economy ex: sugar in Cuba, ranching in Buenos Aires
Pombal in Portugal - prime minister
expelled Jesuits, total power, state monopolies, less corruption
cotton and cacao in Amazon, pushed for population growth

17. 1700’s reaction temporary improvements, but upset colonies
Spanish colonies - increased significance of Rio de lat Plata (Argentina) and Cuba
population + production increases
start of revolts in 1780s- Columbia (taxes), Peru (mestizo), Brazil (mines)

18. Brazil - early conquest
“discovered” by Cabral, 1500…settled 1532
Portuguese captaincies - land grants, feudal power
Royal capital at Salvador in 1549
similar influence of Jesuit missionaries
slower initial conquest

19. Brazil - consolidation
by 1600, plantations built with imported slaves
SUGAR - world’s largest producer in 1600’s
by 1700, half the population was slaves
more dependent upon Europe (Portugal) than Spain, more direct connections
governor in Salvador, but captaincies with independent power
no universities or printing press in new world

20. Brazil - reorganization, 1700s
increased competition for sugar (Dutch, French)
GOLD , richest source in the world
interior region called Minas Gerais
by 1775: 150,000 slaves of total 300,000 people
Rio - example of mining town, new center of trade

21. Brazil

22. SOR JUANA INES DE LA CRUZ

23. SOR JUANA Age 16 - dressed as boy to attempt to attend university
Age 17 - lady in waiting at viceroy’s court, tested by theologians, philosophers, poets
Age 21 - entered convent “to have no fixed occupation which might curtail my freedom to study”

24. Baroque Architecture Mexico Peru Peru Ecuador Tucson, Arizona
Guatemala