1. The Western Heritage Since 1300
Chapter 8: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
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2. Learning Objectives:
1. How did European contact with the rest of the world evolve in the centuries since the Renaissance? 2. What were the characteristics of European mercantile empires? 3. How did Spanish colonial organization reflect its imperial goals? 4. What were the origins of slavery in the Americas? 5. Why did mid-18th century European wars often involve both continental and global conflicts? 6. What were the causes of the American revolution?

3. Chapter Outline:
I. Periods of European Overseas Empires II. Mercantile Empires III. The Spanish Colonial System IV. Black African slavery, the plantation system, and the Atlantic economy V. Mid-18th century wars VI. The American Revolution and Europe VII. In perspective

4. European Empires in the new world

5. Vocabulary
Commonwealthmen(298) Creoles(278) Intolerable Acts(296) Mercantilism(275) Peninsulares(278)

6. British Empire 1763

7. Review Questions
Mercantile Empires: 1. What were the fundamental ideas associated with mercantile theory? Did they work? Which European country was most successful in establishing a mercantile empire? Least successful? Why? 2. What were the main points of conflict between Britain and France in North America, the West Indies, and India? How did the triangles of trade function among the Americas, Europe, and Africa? The Spanish Colonial System: 3. How was the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas organized and managed? What changes did the Bourbon monarchs institute in the Spanish Empire? Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy: 4. What was the nature of slavery in the Americas? How was it linked to the economies of the Americas, Europe, and Africa? Why was the plantation system unprecedented? How did the plantation system contribute to the inhumane treatment of slaves? Mid-18th Century Wars: 5. What were the results of the Seven Years’ War? Which countries emerged in a stronger position and why? The American Revolution and Europe: 6. How did European ideas and political developments influence the American colonists? How did their actions, in turn, influence Europe? What was the relationship between American colonial radicals and contemporary political radicals in Great Britain?

8. Mercantile Empires a. discovery b. exploration c. trade
I. Mercantilist Goals:
a. discovery
b. exploration
c. trade
d. exploitation of
resources
e. monopolies of
II. Mercantilism:
a. govt. control of
trade
b. economic trade
zones/barriers
c. profits sent back
to host country via
taxation
Atlantic Economy in the mid-18th Century

9. French-British Rivalry
I. French & British colonial possession constantly clashed in North America II. Areas of Contention: a. Saint Lawrence River Valley b. Upper New England c. Ohio River Valley III. Trade issues: a. fur trade b. fishing rights c. treaties w/ various Indian tribes IV. Caribbean: a. control of the West Indies b. crops-sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee all wanted in Europe
Engraving of NY fur trade

10. French-British Rivalry
V. Partition of India I. Both France & Britain traded in a. India through chartered trading companies b. Britain-East India Company c. France-Compagnie des Indes d. goal of both countries/companies was to trade in China II. French & British Exploitation of India a. Britain-Robert Clive b. Joseph Dupleix c. both took over regions of India as internal conflict resulted in loss of local control (power vacuum). d. Dutch focused on Indonesia (Asia). Dutch dominant in Asia

11. French, British, and Dutch Holdings, 1700

12. The Spanish Colonial System
I. Colonial Government:
a. Legal link between New World
went through Castile, in Spain,
under leadership of Queen
Isabella.
b. Govt. of Americas assigned to
Council of the Indies
c. Viceroys in New Spain
(Mexico), and Peru carried out
orders, laws
d. sub-councils included:
-audencias
-corregidores
II. Trade Regulation:
a. House of Trade (Casa de
Contraction) regulated all trade
b. mercantilism
c. main ports included: Portobello
Veracruz, Cartegana
Spanish Galleon
doublooms

13. The Spanish Colonial System
III. Trade Routes back to Spain
a. all ships traveled in convoys
for common protection
from other nations, pirates
b. no outside trade from
colony to colony
c. colony to home country back
to colonies
d. lots of ship wrecks in
Caribbean, treasure hunters
still find sunken wreckage,
gold, silver, etc. today

14. Colonial Reform under Spanish Bourbons
I. Changes in Spanish Trade
a. War of Spanish Succession ( )
b. Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
c. Spanish Habsburgs replaced w/Bourbons
of France
d. Philip V ( )in charge attempted to
strengthen trade lines to new world to
suppress smuggling
e. war w/ England 1739 resulted in Spanish
loss on the high seas
f. Charles III ( ) pushed for royal
control rather than Council of Indies
g. 1765, monopolies of Seville, Cadiz abolished,
allowing other Spanish cities trade w/ new
world.
h. opened more new world ports
i. authorized trade between Spanish colonies
j. organized 4th viceroyalty in Rio de la Plata
Spanish Philip V, a Bourbon

15. Portuguese trade map of the Caribbean and Atlantic

16. Colonial Reform under Spanish Bourbons
II. Social Order in New World:
a. Peninsulares-born in Europe, best
job opportunities in new world
1st class citizens
b. Creoles-parents born in Europe,
children born in new world,
2nd class citizens
c. Mestizo- children of native Americans
and lower ranking Europeans
3rd class citizens
d. Mulattos-children of native Americans
and Africans (slave or free)
4th class citizen
e. native American-original Americans
5th class citizens
Charles III of Spain

17. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

18. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
I. The African Presence in the Americas
a. Slavery had existed in Europe prior
to the 18th century, mostly within the
Mediterranean Sea, Africa, and Asia
b. Ottoman Empire forbade transportation
of trade after 1453
c. Portuguese began to import African
slaves into the Canary Islands
d. Beginning with the 16th and into 17th
centuries, slave trade became
important as exploitation of resources
from new world began to be shipped
back to Europe
e. severe labor shortages in new world
as native Americans were exploited,
enslaved, died of European disease,
overwork, and lack of care by over-
seers

19. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
West African Slave Trade

20. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
II. Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
a. most slaves initially sent to Caribbean,
Central and South America
b. slavery in North America slow to develop
c. Maryland, Virginia, early southern states
due to cotton, tobacco crops
III. Slavery in Africa
a. traditional warfare in Africa between tribes
choice of death or slavery often choice
after battles
b. theft of persons from one tribe to another
common as well.
c. slavery within Africa common during this
period.
d. West Africa center of slave trade
-Senegambia, Angola areas for trade
between Africans, Europeans

21. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

22. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
IV. The West Indies, Brazil, &
Sugar
a. 1619, first known slave
ship brought into
Jamestown, Virginia
b. slaves brought into
Caribbean and South
America 100 years
earlier
c. labor done by Africans
began to replace labor
done by native
Americans
d. sugar crop was labor
intensive in Brazil
e. 20,000 slaves a year
imported into West
Indies by 1725
f. 90% of Jamaica slave

23. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
II. Conditions
a. slaves treated worse in Central &
South America than North America
b. slaves often had to fend for themselves
-provide own food, clothing, shelter, in
addition to work
-attrition rate high due to overwork,
disease, malnutrition
-most slaves in South America from Africa
rather than born in new world
c. 16th century, Spanish, Portuguese heavy
slave traders
d. 18th century civil wars in Kingdom of
Congo increased supply of slaves
e. more men than women transported
f. two classes of slaves:
-newly arrived African slaves
-old Africans who had been in Americas
for extended period of time
-creoles, descendents of earlier generations
of slaves, often now freed
Slave auction
g. farmers preferred latter
two groups
h. upwards of 9 million Africans transported to new world

24. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
Brazilian sugar plantation

25. Mid-18th Century Wars I. War of Jenkin’s Ear
a. West Indies hotbed of slaver,
smuggling, pirating
b. Spanish enforced mercantile trading
policies
c. customs(taxation), military patrol used
to enforce laws
d. English ship captain Robert Jenkins
caught, had ear cut off, thereafter kept
ear preserved in brandy jar
e. Jenkins reported incident to British
Parliament, Parliament called for war
w/ Spain.
f. MP Sir Robert Walpole ( ),
declared war
g. became first of many wars between
Britain, Spain, other countries over
new world
British Parliament debates merit of
Robert Jenkins and lost ear due to
Spanish

26. Mid-18th Century Wars II. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
a. Prussian Frederick II took Silesia,
Austrian province
b. Maria Theresa ( ),
Habsburg ruler of Austria
III. British and French conflicts could have
remained independent though
alliances created wider European war
a. France/Prussia/Spain vs.
Austria/Britain
b. war ended w/Treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle
c. Prussia regained control of Silesia,
Spain allowed to continue to import
slaves into Spanish colonies

27. Mid-18th Century Wars IV. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
a. Prussian Frederick II started
another war
b. Frederick invaded Saxony, part of
previous acquisition of Silesia
c. part of Convention of Westminster,
signed by George III of Britain,
who held title as Elector of
Hanover within German states
Frederick II of Prussia
Louis XV of France
George III of Britain
Maria Theresa of Austria

28. The Seven Years’ War: France vs Britain or French & Indian War in North America

29. Mid-18th Century Wars V. Winning North America
a. William Pitt, the Elder( ),
Secretary of State in charge of Seven
Years’ War in 1757 (French & Indian War)
b. diverted monies to Prussia to fight
France and Austria
c. Pitt’s goal was to divert France, take
all of North America east of the
Mississippi for Britain
d. sent 40,000 regular English/colonial
troops to fight French troops in
Canada
e. Sept. 1759, British Army under James
Wolfe defeated French forces under
Louis Joseph de Montcalm
f. French empire in North America was
ending
g. French controlled islands in Caribbean
fell to the British fleet
h. French and allied Indian forces lost to
British at battle of Plassey in 1757
William Pitt the Elder

30. Spanish, Portuguese, French, British, Dutch possessions

31. Mid-18th Century Wars VI. Treaty of Paris of 1763
a. ended Seven Years’ War
(French & Indian Wars)
b. Pitt replaced by the Earl of Bute
( )
c. Britain received all of Canada
Ohio Valley, eastern half of
Mississippi river valley
d. Britain returned Pondicherry and
Chandernagore in India and
West Indian sugar islands of
Guadalupe and Martinique to
France
Stuart, Earl of Bute