1. Freedom of Speech

2. Supreme Court has provided the strongest protection.
Types of Speech
Pure Speech
Calm
Passionate
Private
Public
Supreme Court has provided the strongest protection.
Supreme Court has provided the strongest protection.

3. Types of Speech Symbolic Speech (Expressive Conduct) Actions Symbols
May include words
Limited if public safety is endangered.

4. Types of Speech Examples of symbolic speech Flag burning
Draft Card burning
Black arm bands

5. Freedom of Speech

6. When can government limit or regulate expressive conduct?
If the regulation is within the constitutional power of government.
If the government has a substantial interest unrelated to suppression of speech.
If there are ample alternative ways to communicate.

7. Examples of acceptable limits on expressive speech
Picketing in front of a private residence.
Approaching people without consent to speak or offer literature within 100 feet of a health care facility (i.e., abortion clinic)
An individual’s Right to Privacy will triumph over Freedom of Speech.

8. The Flag Burning Amendment
Freedom of Speech
The Flag Burning Amendment
never passed.

9. Regulating Speech Rebel NOW! Seditious speech is prohibited.
Urging resistance to lawful authority
Advocating overthrow of the government
Rebel NOW!

10. “Clear and Present Danger” Doctrine
Regulating Speech
“Clear and Present Danger” Doctrine
(in time of war, things may be different)
“When a nation is at war many things that might be said in time of peace … will not be endured …”
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1919) 1.

11. Example: Yelling “Fire” in a crowded theater.
Regulating Speech 2.
“Bad Tendency” Doctrine
Example: Yelling “Fire” in a crowded theater.

12. Regulating Speech 3. Primacy of Position “Preferred Position” Doctrine
(1st Amendment freedoms are more fundamental than other freedoms)
The government must show that
it is absolutely necessary to limit
Freedom of Speech.
Primacy of Position

13. Regulating Speech Sedition Laws Dennis v. United States (1951)
Court upheld conviction of 11 communist party leaders who advocated revolution.
Middle of McCarthy's
"Red Scare"

14. Regulating Speech Sedition Laws Yates v. United States (1957)
Court overturned convictions of several communist party leaders.
Expressing an opinion that the government should be overthrown is different from urging people to take action.
"Red Scare"
was over

15. Friendly little neighborhood
Regulating Speech
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) Court ruled in favor of a Ku Klux Klan leader.
While he advocated use of force, he did not urge immediate and concrete acts of violence.
Friendly little neighborhood
cross burning

16. Other Forms of Unprotected Speech
Defamatory Speech
False speech that damages a person’s good name, character, or reputation.
Slander – Spoken
Libel – Written

17. Other Forms of Unprotected Speech
For slander and libel the key is:
Was the statement made with the
knowledge that it was false?
2. Was the statement made with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not?

18. Other Forms of Unprotected Speech
NOTE: For public officials (government, police officers, etc.) or public figures (pastors, athletes, entertainers, etc.) the rules can be very different.

19. Other Forms of Unprotected Speech
Fighting Words
Offensive, derisive, annoying, etc.
Words that “by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace.”

20. Fighting Words

21. Student Speech is Limited
Know this case!
Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)
Students do not give up
their rights to free speech
while in school. (Students won.)
UNLESS WHAT THEY SAY DISRUPTS
THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
HOWEVER …
Students were wearing black arm bands in opposition to Vietnam War.
Mary Beth and John Tinker
(sister 13, brother 15)

22. Student Speech is Limited
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
School districts may suspend students for lewd or indecent speech at school events, even though the same speech would be protected outside the school.
School officials can decide what
manner of speech is appropriate.
School assembly/election, sexually suggestive campaign speech

23. Student Speech is Limited
The Supreme Court says that schools have broad authority to regulate student speech in school-sponsored newspapers, theatrical productions, and other activities. These things are “part of the curriculum,” not an individual’s personal expression of thought. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Morse v Frederick (2007)