1. Ch. 33 – Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Ch. 33 – Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

2. What are the levels of organization ?
What does each level do?
Give an example of where you would find each in the human body.

3. Levels of Organization
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Levels of Organization
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Tissue - Group of specialized, but similar, cells performing a common function
Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized function
Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning together
Organism - A collection of organ systems

4. Draw and label the 4 main types of tissues?
How does each function?
Where might you find these tissues?

5. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Types of Tissues
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Four major vertebrate tissue types
Epithelial
Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands
Connective
Binds and supports body parts
Muscular
Moves the body and its parts
Nervous
Receives stimuli and transmits nerve impulses

6. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Epithelial Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Epithelial tissue:
Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces
Lines inner cavities
Forms glands
Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities
Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream
Covers abdominal organs

7. Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

8. Describe the structure and function of the 3 types of epithelial tissue.

9. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Epithelial Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Three types of epithelial tissues:
Squamous – Flat cells
Lining of blood vessels & air sacs of lungs
Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells
Lining of kidney tubules & various glands
Columnar – Pillar-shaped cells
Lining of digestive tract & lining of oviducts

10. Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

11. What is the goal of epithelal tissue?
To protect and absorb

12. What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in animals?
Connective tissue
What 3 things make up connective tissue?

13. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Connective Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Connective tissue is the most abundant & widely distributed tissue in animal bodies
Connective tissues consist of:
Fibroblast cells which are separated from each other by a jelly like matrix containing:
1. collagen fibers--- purpose?
2. elastic fibers---Purpose?
3. Reticular fibers—Purpose?

14. How many groups of connective tissue are there?

15. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Connective Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Connective tissues come in four main groups. Each performs a different type of function.
1. Fibrous connective tissue
2. Supportive connective tissues
3. Bone
4. Fluid Connective Tissues
What are the functions of each?

16. Fibrous Connective Tissue
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Comes in three main types:
1. Loose fibrous connective tissue
Allows organs to expand (lungs, urinary bladder)
2. Dense fibrous connective tissue
Strong connective tissue
Tendons – connect muscles to bones
Ligaments – connect bones to other bones at joints
3. Adipose tissue
●Body’s primary energy reservoir
●Also insulates the body
●Contributes to body contours & provides cushioning

17. Give an example of how these 3 relate to one another

18. Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

19. Supportive Connective Tissues
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Supportive Connective Tissues
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Cartilage
Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrix
Cartilage lacks a direct blood supply, thus it heals very slowly.
Found in various locations of body:
In nose, ends of long bones & ribs, rings in walls of respiratory passages, fetal skeleton, outer ear, pads between vertebrae & in knee joint

20. Why is cartilidge important?
What can happen when we lose cartlidge?
Does it regenerate? Why or why not?

21. Connective Tissue Examples
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Connective Tissue Examples
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

22. Give me a visual representation of the two types of bone.
Compare their similarities.

23. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Bone
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Bone is the most rigid connective tissue. Consists of extremely hard matrix of inorganic salts (Ca) deposited around protein fibers, especially collagen.
Consists of two types:
1. Compact Bone
Makes up shaft of long bones
Blood vessels in central canal carry nutrients that allow bone to renew itself.
2. Spongy Bone
●Makes up ends of long bones
More open spaces in between solid parts
Still very strong

24. Explain how/why blood is a connective tissue

25. Fluid Connective Tissues
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Fluid Connective Tissues
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Blood
Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma).
Functions:
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes
Types of Cells:
Red blood cells – erythrocytes
Transport oxygen molecules around body
White blood cells – leukocytes
Fight infection

26. Fluid Connective Tissues
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Fluid Connective Tissues
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Other parts of blood:
Platelets:
♦Not complete cells; fragments of giant cells from bone marrow
♦Form a plug when blood vessels are damaged
Lymph:
♦Fluid connective tissue found in lymph vessels
♦Absorbs excess tissue fluid & dissolved solutes

27. Give an analogy to describe the parts of blood.

28. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Blood, a Liquid Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

29. How can the three types of muscular tissue work together?
All muscle tissue contains what two things?
Actin and myocin

30. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Muscular Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Composed of cells called muscle fibers. These are contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments which interact to produce movement.
Three types:
Skeletal Muscle
Called voluntary muscle because we consciously can tell them what to do.
Consists of long, striated cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei.
They move body parts.
Fast contractions occur.

31. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Muscular Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
•Smooth Muscle
Involuntary muscles. We don’t control consciously.
No striations. Shaped like a spindle. Single nucleus.
Contract more slowly.
Found in walls of organs & blood vessels.
Cardiac Muscle
Striated muscle, but mostly involuntary.
Cells are cylindrical but with single nucleus.
Cells connected end to end at intercalated disks.
Makes up wall of heart

32. Describe the structure and function of 3 types of muscle cells

33. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Muscular Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

34. What is another name for nerve cells?
Neurons

35. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Nervous Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Nervous tissue contains cells called neurons
Made up of three parts:
Dendrites - conducts signals towards cell body
Cell body - contains cytoplasm & nucleus
Axon - process that conducts nerve impulses away from cell body
Long axons are covered by myelin, white fatty substance.
Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers bound by connective tissue form nerves

36. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

37. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Nervous Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Nervous system has three functions
Sensory input
Sensory receptors detect changes
Transmit info to the spinal cord
Data integration
Spinal cord and brain integrate
Decision is made regarding appropriate response
Motor output
Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)
Effector initiates actual response

38. What supports and services a neuron?

39. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Nervous Tissue
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Neuroglia cells outnumber neurons by 50 to 1. They support and nourish neurons.
- Most brain tumors involve neuroglia cells.

40. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Neurons and Neuroglia
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

41. Describe the structure and function of the skin

42. Skin - The largest organ
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Skin - The largest organ
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Functions of skin:
Covers and protects underlying body regions
- from physical trauma
- from pathogen invasion
- from water loss
Regulates body temperature, and
Contains sensory receptors
- touch, pressure, pain & temperature

43. What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin known as?
hypodermis

44. Skin - The largest organ
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Skin - The largest organ
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Regions skin:
Epidermis - Outer, thinner region
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
- New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized (waterproof), and are sloughed off
- Melanocytes produce melanin, pigment responsible for skin color
- Epidermis helps to produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
- Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells

45. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Human Skin Anatomy
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

46. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
The Epidermis
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

47. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Regions of Skin
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
• Dermis - deeper & thicker than epidermis, It is a fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers
Contains:
Hair follicles
Sensory receptors
Nerve fibers
Blood vessels
•Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located below dermis

48. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Human Skin Anatomy
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

49. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Organ Systems
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity (toward the back)
Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
The brain is in the cranial cavity, and
The spinal cord is in the vertebral canal
Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into:
The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and
The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)
The pelvic cavity (reproductive & urinary bladder)

50. Mammalian Body Cavities
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Mammalian Body Cavities
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

51. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Homeostasis
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
The internal environment of an animal’s body consists of tissue fluid, which bathes the cells.
This internal environment tends to be relatively stable over time even while the external environment can change greatly.
The maintenance of this stability is termed homeostasis.

52. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Homeostasis
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis
The digestive system
Takes in and digests food
Provides nutrient molecules that replace used nutrients
The respiratory system
Adds oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide
The liver
Store excess glucose as glycogen
Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used
The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage
The kidneys
Excrete wastes and salts & help to maintain pH

53. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Negative Feedback
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Homeostatic Control
Partially controlled by hormones
Ultimately controlled by the nervous system
Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable, such as blood glucose, close to a particular value, or set point.
1. Sensor detects change in internal environment
2. Control center brings about an effect that brings conditions back to normal again.
Sensor no longer activated. Simple negative feedback dampens the original stimulus.

54. Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Simple
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Simple
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

55. Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Complex - Heating System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Complex - Heating System
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

56. Regulation of Human Body Temperature
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Regulation of Human Body Temperature
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Temperature sensor is located in the hypothalamus of the brain

57. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Positive Feedback
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another event happening.
Examples:
Childbirth Process
Urge to urinate
Positive feedback does not result in equilibrium
Does not occur as often as negative feedback
Can actually be harmful, such as when a fever continues to rise to dangerous levels.