1. What does blood do? Transport: Regulation: Protection:
Ch 13: Blood
What does blood do?
Transport:
Regulation:
Protection:

2. SLOs
Describe the composition of plasma and list the major functions of plasma proteins.
Map hematopoiesis, starting from a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.
Distinguishing characteristics of each type of leukocyte.
Define hematocrit, describe how a person’s hematocrit is determined, and identify the clinical relevance of this value.
Describe the molecular structure of hemoglobin and explain its function.
Distinguish between the different types of anemias.
Diagram the key steps of hemostasis, the coagulation cascade, and fibrinolysis.

3. Blood = connective tissue
Extracellular matrix:
Specialized cells:
Average adult blood volume?

4. Fig 13.1

5. Function of plasma proteins?

6. Cellular Components of Blood - Overview
20-40%
Total WBC: 4, ,000
2-8%
Cellular
Elements
50-70%
1- 4%

7. Blood Cells and Platelets
Fig 13-3

8. Red Blood Cells
Other name?

9. Hem(at)opoiesis = Blood Cell Formation
Few uncommitted stem cells in red bone marrow throughout life time
Controlled by ____________,specifically CSFs and ILs

10. Stages of Erythropoiesis
2.5 million RBCs/sec
Whole process takes  3 days
Most iron recycled from old RBCs, rest from diet
Transferrin =?
Fig 13-4

11. Erythropoiesis Reticulocytes lifespan ~ 120 days EPO release
Mitotic rate 
Tissue O2 
Maturation speed 
RBC  bag of Hb for carrying O2
lifespan ~ 120 days
No aerobic respiration – source of ATP?
 Tissue O2 
Reticulocytes
enter
circulation

12. RBC Production Regulated by _______________
“Hormone” synthesized by kidneys in response to hypoxemia due to
anemia
blood flow to kidneys declining
O2 content of air in lungs declining, due to disease or high altitude
respiratory surfaces of the lungs damaged
EPO gene cloned in  Recombinant EPO now available

13. EPO
Use in therapy (?)
abuse in sport (?)

14. Hemoglobin (Hb) Quaternary protein structure ? Requires iron (Fe)
See Ch 16, page 559!
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Quaternary protein structure ?
Requires iron (Fe)
HbA vs. HbF vs. HbS
Reversible binding between Fe2+ & O2
Oxyhemoglobin vs. deoxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin – CO: A toxic gas (Fitness Application p. 560)

15. RBC Disorders Anemias (O2 carrying capacity too _____)
Polycythemia vera (PCV ~ 60-70%)
Anemias (O2 carrying capacity too _____)
Hemorrhagic anemia  Fe deficiency anemia
Hemolytic anemia, due to genetic diseases (e.g. Hereditary spherocytosis) or infections
Pernicious anemia see p. 714
Renal anemia
Aplastic anemia

16. Sickle Cell Anemia 1st genetic illness traced to a specific mutation:
DNA: CAC CTC
aa: glutamic acid valine (aa #6 of 146)
HbA HbS  crystallizes under low oxygen conditions

17. Platelets = Thrombocytes
Cytokine stimulating platelet production?
Precursor cell in BM:____________________; polyploid Mechanism?
~ 4,000 platelets per cell
live ~ days
Platelets contain gra- nules filled with clotting proteins & cytokines (e.g.: serotonin)
Activated when blood vessel wall damaged
Fig 16-7

18. Hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelet plug (temporary blockage of hole)
= stops bleeding. Opposite of hemorrhage.
Too little hemostasis 
Too much hemostasis 
Three major steps of hemostasis:
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug (temporary blockage of hole)
Coagulation (clot formation seals hole until tissues repaired)

19. Steps of Hemostasis Vessel damage exposes collagen fibers
Platelets adhere to collagen & release factors
local vasoconstriction & platelet aggregation
decreased blood flow platelet plug formation
+ feedback loop

20. Simultaneously: The Coagulation Cascade
Fig 13-9
“Cascade” is complicated network!
Numbering of coagulation factors according to time of discovery

21. Common Coagulation Pathway
Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Active factor X
Prothrombin thrombin
fibrinogen fibrin
reinforces platelet plug
clot

22. Structure of Blood Clot
Plasmin, trapped in clot,
will dissolve clot by fibrinolysis
Clot formation limited to area of injury: Intact endothelial cells release anticoagulants (heparin, antithrombin III, protein C).
SEM x 4625

23. Clot Busters & Anticoagulants
Dissolve inappropriate clots
Enhance fibrinolysis
Examples: Urokinase, Streptokinase & t-PA
Prevent coagulation by blocking one or more steps in fibrin forming cascade Inhibit platelet adhesion  plug prevention Examples:

24. Hemophilia A

25. Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency)
the end