1. Wounds and Bleeding
Abnormal break in the skin or other tissues which allows blood to escape. There are 2 types of wounds, open and close.

2. TYPES OF WOUND Incised Wound Lacerated Wound Abrasion/Graze Wound
Contused Wound
Punctured Wound
Gunshot Wound

3. Bleeding Our body’s mechanism to stop bleeding Clotting of blood.
Scar tissue
Scab
Clot
White blood cell
Skin
Fibrin
Red blood cell
Platelets
Clotting of blood.
Cut ends of a blood vessel will contract.
Blood pressure will drop.

4. Types of Bleeding Arterial Bleeding Bright Red in Colour
Spurts from a wound in time with the heartbeat.
Severed main artery may jet blood several feet high.
Rapidly reduce the volume of circulating blood.
Venus Bleeding
Dark Red in Colour
Gush profusely.
Capillary Bleeding
Oozing at the site of all wounds.
Blood loss is usually slight.

5. First-Aid Priorities
Control blood loss by applying pressure over the wound and raising the injured part.
Take steps to minimise shock, which can result from severe blood loss.
Cover any open wound with a dressing, to protect it from infection and promote natural healing.
Pay scrupulous attention to hygiene, so that there is no spread of infection between the casualty and yourself.
Treatment for minor external bleeding:
Direct pressure.
Elevation.
Small adhesive dressing.
Medical aid need only be sought if the bleeding does not stop, or if the wound is at special risk of infection.

6. Protecting yourself Use disposable gloves
Wash hands well in soap and water before and after treatment
Cover any sores or open wounds with waterproof adhesive dressing.

7. Treatment Cleaning of Wound
If the wound is dirty, clean it by rinsing lightly under running water, or use an antiseptic wipe.
Elevate and Dressing
Elevate the wounded part above the level of the heart.
Apply adhesive dressing.
If there is a special risk of infection, advise to see doctor.

8. Treatment for Severe External Bleeding
Direct Pressure
Elevation and Dressing
Treat for Shock
Removal to Hospital.
To expose the wound:
Remove or cut clothing to expose the wound.
Watch out for sharp objects, such as glass, that may injure you.

9. Treatment Apply direct pressure
Apply direct pressure over the wound with your fingers or palm, preferably over a sterile dressing or clean pad.
Elevation and Dressing
Raise and support an injured limb above the level of the casualty’s heart.
Lay the casualty down.
Apply sterile dressing.
Bandage it in place firmly, but not so tightly as to impede the circulation.

10. PRESSURE POINTS REMOVAL TO HOSPITAL
If severe bleeding from a limb cannot be controlled by direct pressure, it may be necessary to apply pressure to the pressure points.
REMOVAL TO HOSPITAL
Dial 995 for an ambulance.
Treat for shock.
Check the dressing for seepage.
Check the circulation beyond the bandage.

11. Wounds Involving Protruding Objects
Press down firmly on either side.
Build up padding on either side of the object without pressing on it.
Secure and support the injured part with bandaging.

12. Bruises Internal bleeding seeping through the tissues causes bruises.
Treatment
Raise and support the injured part in a comfortable position.
Apply a cold compress to the bruise.

13. Abdominal Wounds - Treatment
Lay Casualty down on firm flat surface
Raise and support the knees, if wound cuts across the abdomen
DO NOT raise the knees if the wound is vertical.
Cover the wound with a big dressing
Lightly secure in place with a bandage or adhesive tape. If the casualty coughs or vomits, press firmly on the dressing.
If part of the intestine is protruding, do not touch it, but cover to prevent it from drying out.
Call for an ambulance, treat for shock and stay with the casualty and check his condition every few minutes.

14. Penetrating Chest wound - Treatment
Quickly cover the wound with your palm or casualty’s if he is conscious.
Place a sterile dressing over the wound and surrounding area.
Cover with a plastic bag or foil.
Secure firmly with adhesive tape on three sides.

15. Penetrating Chest Wounds - Treatment
Provide firm support for a conscious casualty.
Lean casualty towards the injured side.
Call 995 for an ambulance.
Treat for shock.
If casualty is unconscious:
Open the airway.
Check breathing and pulse.
Place him in recovery position with the uninjured side uppermost.

16. Crush Injuries - Treatment
Less than 10 minutes
More than 10 minutes
Release the casualty as quickly as possible
Control and external bleeding and cover any wounds
Treat for fracture
Treat for shock
Call for an ambulance
Do not release the casualty.
Call for an ambulance.
Reassure the casualty.

17. Amputation - Treatment
Remove any accessories
Control Blood Loss
Do not use tourniquet.
Apply sterile dressing or non-fluffy clean pad secured with a bandage.
Treat for shock.
Call for an Ambulance.

18. Amputation - Treatment
The Amputated Part
Wrap the amputated part in plastic bag.
Wrap again in gauze or soft fabric.
Place the package in another plastic bag filled with crushed ice.
Send amputated part together with the casualty to the hospital.

19. Internal Bleeding Bleeding within the body cavities and is serious.
Recognition
Pallor
Cold, clammy skin
A rapid pulse
Pain
Thirst
Confusion, restlessness, irritability, possible leading to collapse and unconsciousness.
After violent injury, pattern bruising
Bleeding from orifices
Information from casualty indicating recent injury or illness, previous similar episode or if he or she takes drugs for a medical condition

20. Bleeding from Orifices
Site
Appearance
Causes
Mouth
Bright red, frothy, coughed-up blood
Vomited blood, red or dark reddish-brown, resembling coffee grounds
Bleeding in Lungs
Bleeding within digestive system
Ear
Fresh, bright red blood
Thin, watery blood
Injury to the inner or other ear; perforated ear-drum
Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid
Nose
Fresh, bright-red blood
Ruptured blood vessel in the nostril.
Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid following head injury
Anus
Black, tarry, offensive-smelling stool
Injury to anus or lower bowel
Injury to upper bowel
Urethra
Urine with red-smoky appearance and occasion clots
Bleeding from bladder or kidney
Vagina
Either fresh or dark red blood.
Menstruation, miscarriage, disease/injury to vagina or womb