1. Respiration Review Air bulk flow caused by lungs
From air in lungs to red blood cells
Blood bulk flow caused by heart
From red blood cells to body cells

2. Bulk Flow: Air into Lungs
• Diaphragm allows inspiration
• Intercostal muscles allow forceful expiration

3. Diffusion of oxygen into Blood
• The protein HEMOGLOBIN binds the oxygen tightly so that no diffusion occurs until the r.b.c. is near O2 deprived body cells

4. Bulk Flow: Blood carries O2 to Body Cells

5. The Major Components of Blood
Plasma:
Glucose, hormones, etc. suspended in a viscuous goo
White Blood Cells:(leukocytes)
Protect the cells from infection/invasion
Platelets:
Clot the blood to prevent it from spilling out when a rupture of the fluid conduit occurs
Red Blood Cells:(erythrocytes)
Transport O2
99% of all blood cells

6. Red Blood Cells The protein “Hemoglobin” binds to O2
Binds CO2 more strongly than O2
Binds CO much more strongly than CO2 (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning)
Contain no nucleus!
Recycled every week or so

7. White Blood Cells Slip in between blood vessel cells
Recognize and destroy foreign matter

8. Platelets Aid in blood clotting
Recognize micro tears in blood conduits and bind together to form a clot

9. How blood is transported
Arteries:
Structures that carry blood away from the heart
Rigid to take pressure of blood right out of heart
Capillaries:
Very narrow and thin tubes between arteries and veins where diffusion occurs
Can close down or open up to regulate blood flow (e.g. stress, eating, etc...)
Veins:
Loosen to expand more (controlled by smooth muscles)
Store great quantities of blood

10. Another Look at Blood Vessels

11. How Blood Circulates: The Heart

13. The Heart Contraction of ventricals Contraction of atria
Larger of heart chambers
Takes blood in from the atria
Pumps blood out to the body
Contraction of atria
Smaller chambers
Takes blood in from body
Pumps blood into the ventricals
Coordinated beating of atria then ventricals

14. Cardiac Cycle • Right Ventrical pumps de-oxygenated blood to lungs
• Left Ventrical pumps oxygenated blood to the body cells
• Valves prevent backflow of blood

15. Coordination of the Beating
• Heart cells naturally beat slowly if ATP is present
• If there was no coordination, the heart cells would all beat randomly (fibrillation)
• Coordinated beating occurs because a group of cells (the pacemaker cells) send nerve impulses to the other cells stimulating them to beat at the right time
• Atria beat from top down, pause, Ventricals beat from bottom up

16. The Cardio-Pulmonary System