1. Chapter 3: Circulation

2. Section 1: The Circulatory System

3. It moves materials to all parts of your body.
Your cardiovascular system includes the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
It moves materials to all parts of your body.
Movement of materials into and out of your cells occurs by diffusion
Movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration.

4. Movement also occurs by active transport, which is the opposite of diffusion.
Movement of materials from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.

5. Heart – controls blood flow through all parts of the body
Has four chambers
Atriums – upper two chambers (right and left)
Ventricles – lower two chambers (right and left)

6. During one heartbeat, both atriums contract at the same time
During one heartbeat, both atriums contract at the same time. Then, both ventricles contract at the same time.
A one-way valve separates each atrium from the ventricle below it.
Blood flows only from an atrium to a ventricle
A wall between the two atriums and the two ventricles prevents oxygen rich blood and oxygen poor blood from mixing.

7. The Franklin Institute’s Giant Heart

8. Circulatory system – divided into three sections
Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart

9. In pulmonary circulation, blood flows through the heart to the lungs
Carbon dioxide and other waste materials diffuse out
Oxygen diffuses in
The blood goes back to the heart.
Systemic circulation moves oxygen-rich blood to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs, and returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart

10. Blood vessels carry blood to every part of your body
Arteries are blood vessels that move oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body
Each ventricle of the heart is connected to an artery
The right ventricle connects to the pulmonary artery
The left ventricle connects to the aorta
Every time your heart contracts, blood is moved from your heart to your arteries

11. Veins carry blood back to the heart
One-way valves keep blood moving toward the heart by muscle contractions throughout the body
There are two major veins
The superior vena cava returns blood from the head and neck
The inferior vena cava returns blood from the abdomen and the lower body

12. Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse to body cells through capillary walls
Waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse from body cells to capillaries

13. Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins
Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the walls of the blood vessels
Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins
A rise and fall of pressure occurs with the heartbeat
Normal pulse rates are beats per minute for adults

14. Measured using two numbers:
First – systolic – measures pressure caused by ventricles contracting and pushing blood out of the heart
Second – diastolic – measures pressure that occurs as ventricles fill with blood
Your brain tries to keep your blood pressure constant.
Sends messages to your heart to raise or lower your blood pressure by speeding up or slowing down your heart rate

15. Cardiovascular disease – the leading cause of death in the United States
Artherosclerosis – fatty deposits build up ion arterial walls and clog arteries
Artherosclerosis can occur in any artery in the body – deposits in coronary arteries are especially serious
If a coronary artery is blocked, a heart attack can happen

16. Hypertension – high blood pressure
When blood pressure is high, the heart must work harder to keep blood flowing
One cause of high blood pressure is artherosclerosis

17. Prevention
Follow a good diet and avoid salt, sugar, cholesterol, and saturated fats
Eliminate excess weight, which forces the heart to pump faster
Exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, helps control cholesterol, and controls blood pressure.

18. Section 2: Blood

19. Functions of blood
Blood carries oxygen from your lungs to your body cells, and carbon dioxide from your cells to your lungs to be exhaled
Blood carries waste products from cells to your kidneys to be removed
Blood transports nutrients to your body’s cells
Cells and molecules in blood fight infections and heal wounds

20. Plasma – liquid part of blood
Parts of blood
Plasma – liquid part of blood
Made mostly of water
Nutrients, minerals, and oxygen are dissolved in plasma
Carries wastes from cells

21. Red blood cells supply your body with oxygen
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is a chemical that can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
The life span of a red blood cell is 120 days, and they are rapidly replaced

22. White blood cells fight bacteria and viruses
Your body reacts to invaders by increasing the number of white blood cells.
White blood cells enter infected tissues, destroy bacteria and viruses, and absorb dead cells.
The life span of a white blood cell is a few days to many months

23. Platelets are irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot blood
Release chemicals that help form filaments of fibrin
Life span of five to nine days

24. Make a model of a red blood cell and a white blood cell

25. Blood clotting – platelets and clotting factors plug up a wound
Platelets stick to a wound and release chemicals
Clotting factors carry out chemical reactions.
Threadlike fibers, called fibrin, form a sticky net
The net traps blood cells and plasma and forms a clot
Skin cells then begin the repair process

26. Based partly on antigens
Blood types – A,B,AB,O
Based partly on antigens
Chemical identification tabs on the blood
Type O has no antigens, and can donate blood to any type

27. Also based on antibodies
Proteins that identify substances that do not belong in the body, such as other blood types, and destroy them
Type AB has no antibodies, so it can receive blood from any type

28. Rh factor is another chemical identification tag in blood
If people who lack Rh factor (Rh-) receive Rh+ blood, they will produce antibodies against the blood
Antibodies cause clots to form in the blood vessels

29. Anemia affects red blood cells
Blood diseases
Anemia affects red blood cells
Body tissue can’t get enough oxygen and are unable to carry on usual activities
Causes include a loss of a large amount of blood, diet lacking in iron, or heredity

30. Leukemia – affects white blood cells
White blood cells are made in excessive numbers
The excess cells are immature and don’t fight infection well
Immature cells fill the bone marrow and crowd out normal cells

31. Section 3: The Lymphatic System

32. The lymphatic system collects tissue fluid and returns it to the blood
Lymph – tissue fluid that has diffused into the lymphatic capillaries
Contains water and dissolved substances
Contains lymphocytes – type of white blood cell that helps the body defend itself against disease causing organisms

33. Lymph is carried through lymphatic capillaries and vessels to large veins near the heart
Lymph is moved by the contraction of muscles
Lymphatic vessels have valves to keep lymph from flowing backward

34. Lymphatic organs Lymph nodes
Bean-shaped organs of varying size found throughout the body
Filter microorganisms and foreign materials from lymphocytes

35. Tonsils protect your body from harmful microorganisms that enter through the mouth and throat

36. Thymus, which is located behind the sternum, makes lymphocytes

37. Spleen – located behind the stomach, filters blood by removing damaged red blood cells from the blood stream, takes up and destroys bacteria and other invaders of the body

38. The HIV virus attacks lymphocytes called helper T-cells