1. Skeletal System
CS: 8

2. What is the Skeletal System?
System made up of bones
206 bones in the adult skeleton
Functions:
Framework
Protection
Levers
Production of blood cells
storage

3. 1. Framework
What would our body look like without bones? Could we walk? Could we move?
The bones provide a framework to support the body’s muscles, fat and skin

4. How do bones offer protection? What exactly needs to be protected?
Vital organs are surrounded by bone; brain-cranium, heart and lungs- rib cage, spinal cord- vertebral column, reproductive organs- pelvis

5. Muscles attach to bones to help provide movement
3. Levers
Could we move our body without bones? Can a muscle move if not attached to a bone?
Muscles attach to bones to help provide movement

6. 4. Production of blood cells
How do our bones produce blood cells???
The production of blood cells is called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis (Hem-/hemat- = blood). Bones assist in the production of RBC (red blood cells), WBC (white blood cells), and PLT (platelets)

7. 5. storage
What do our bones store?
Most of the body’s calcium supply is stored by the bones, along with phosphorous and fats

8. Long Bone Bones come in all shapes and sizes
Bones of the arms and legs (extremities) are called long bones

9. Parts of a long bone Diaphysis- long part of long bone
Epiphysis- each end of long bone (end= epiphysis)
Medullary Canal- cavity in diaphysis (med- = middle) (pool)
Yellow Marrow- fills medullary canal (pool water)
Endosteum- lines med canal to keep yellow marrow intact;
produces some bone growth (pool liner)
Red Marrow- found in proximal end of humerus and femur,
Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and cranium; produces RBC, PLT,
and some WBC
Periosteum- tough membrane which covers the outside
of bone
RBC= erythrocyte (erythro- = red), WBC= leukocytes (leuko- = white), PLT= thrombocytes (thromb- = clot), -cyt = cell, ost- = bone

10. Osteoporosis & Osteomyelitis
Bones become porous, soft and brittle, leading to increased fractures
Caused by hormone deficiency (such as estrogen), prolonged lack of dietary calcium, and sedentary lifestyle
Increase calcium and vit d intake, increase bone mass with Fosamax or citracel, estrogen replacement
Osteomyelitis
Bone inflammation secondary to pathogenic organism
Abscess with pus accumulation form in the medullary canal
Pain, swelling, fever, chills
Antibiotics

11. Divisions of skeletal system
Axial
Main trunk of body
Skull
Spinal column
Ribs
Breast bone
Appendicular
Composed of the extremities
Shoulder girdle
Arm bones
Pelvic girdle
Leg bones

12. The cranium (made of 8 bones) surrounds and protects the brain
skull
Cranial bones
The cranium (made of 8 bones) surrounds and protects the brain
1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 occipital
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
Facial bones (14)
1 mandible (lower jaw)
2 maxilla (upper jaw)
2 zygomatic (cheek)
2 lacrimal (inner aspect of eye)
5 nasal
2 palatine (roof of mouth)

13. Fontanels and sutures
Fontanels- “soft spots” allows for enlargement of skull as brain
development occurs (closes at around 18 months old)
Sutures- areas where the cranial bones have joined together

14. Sinuses- airspaces in skull that provide resonance of the voice
Sinuses and foramina
Sinuses- airspaces in skull that provide resonance of the voice
Foramina- opening in bone to provide passage of nerves and vessels

15. Vertebrae The spinal column is composed of
26 vertebrae which protect the spinal
cord and support the head and trunk.
Intervertebral Disks separate the
vertebrae and act as shock absorbers
and allow bending and twisting of the
vertebral column.
Cerv- = neck
Thorac- = chest
Lumbar= waist
Coccyx= tail bone
What is a ruptured disk?
Why do EMTs and Paramedics hold “c-spine”? Where is an epidural or lumbar puncture administered?

16. Ribs (12 pair of ribs & 12 thoracic vertebrae)
True ribs
7 pair
Attach directly to sternum
False ribs
5 pair
2 of the 5 pair are “floating” and only attach to dorsal vertebrae
3 pair attach to the superior rib
Ribs= costae
Ribs attach to the sternum via
costal cartilage to form a cage which protects
the heart and lungs

17. sternum Sternum (“breastbone”) has (3) sections: Manubrium Gladiolus
Xyphoid Process
During CPR, compressions
are given on the sternum

18. Pectoral Girdle & Arm Bones
Bones of the Arm
1 humerus
1 ulna (olecranon process)
1 radius (thumb side) (radial pulse site)
8 carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges (why not 15??)
What is carpal tunnel? What is the landmark to give IM inj in deltoid?

19. Pelvic girdle & Leg bones
Largest tarsal = heel= calcaneous . Soccer players wear “ tibia guards”

20. What is inflammation of a joint called? What is Bursitis?
Joints
Diarthrosis (synovial) = freely movable
Ball & Socket (shoulder & hip)
Hinge (elbow & Knee)
Amphiarthrosis = slightly movable (think of an amphibian) (ribs attaching to thoracic vertebrae; pubis)
synarthrosis = immovable (Sutures of the skull)
Arthr- = joint
What is inflammation of a joint called? What is Bursitis?

21. Arthritis Osteoarthritis = “Old Age” Occurs as a result of aging
Joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited ROM
Rest, heat/cold application, ASA (aspirin), Anti-inflammatory (ibuprofen), steroid inj
Rheumatoid Arthritis = “Really Young”
Occurs in mostly women years old
Scar tissue formation, bone & muscle atrophy, permanent deformity & immobility
Rest, exercise as prescribed, anti- inflammatory drugs, ASA, steroids, surgery, arthroplasty

22. Which fx has a higher risk
fractures
Colles
Fx= fracture
Which fx has a higher risk
Of infection?
Spiral
Depressed

23. Reduction Open reduction Closed reduction Which reduction
has a higher risk
of infection?
How is a
dislocation treated?

24. compression, elevation
Sprain
Tx = treatment
Tx = RICE
RICE= rest, ice,
compression, elevation

25. Spinal Curvatures Types Scoliosis= s-shaped; side to side
Kyphosis= “hunchback”; thoracic
Lordosis= Lower Back; lumbar; “swayback”
Cause
Poor posture, congenital birth) defect, malnutrition, degeneration of the vertebrae
Treatment
Therapeutic exercise, firm mattress, brace, surgical repair