1. Tissues

2. 8. Tissues - groups of similar cells that perform similar functions
9. Histology - the study of tissues

3. Four Types of Tissues

4. 11. Epithelial Tissue – covers the body and organs

5. Epithelial Characteristics
a. Cells fit close together b. Usually avascular (no blood supply) c. High regeneration rate d. Attach to a basement membrane

6. Classification
Number of layers
Shape

7. Number of layers
Simple – one layer
Stratified – two or more layers

8. Simple or Stratified?

9. Simple or Stratified?

10. Shape Squamous – flattened, scale-like Cuboidal – box-like
Columnar – tall, column-like
Nucleus conforms to the shape of the cell

11. Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar?

12. Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar?

13. Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar?

14. Simple Epithelial
C. Absorption, secretion, filtration – not protection

15. a. Simple Squamous Epithelium – diffuse and filter
Found –air sacs in lungs, blood capillaries

16. b. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium – secrete and absorb
Found –kidney tubules, ovaries, ducts of glands

17. c. Simple Columnar Epithelium – absorb and secrete mucus – some are ciliated
Found – lines stomach and intestines

18. d. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium – secrete mucus – nuclei are uneven so looks like many layers
Found – lines trachea

19. Draw picture in your notes

20. Stratified Epithelial
D. mostly protection – can be more than one shape but is named from top layer

21. a. Stratified Squamous Epithelium – protect areas from wear and tear
Found – skin, esophagus, mouth

22. b. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium – rare
Found – sweat and mammary glands

23. c. Stratified Columnar Epithelium – rare
Found – male urethra, pharynx

24. d. Transitional Epithelium – stretchy, easily expands and contracts
Found – bladder, urinary track

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34. Now with real slides

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44. Four Types of Tissues

45. 12. Connective tissue - joins or connects body structures together, supports, protects, insulates, and transports

46. Connective Characteristics
a. Most abundant tissue b. regenerates at varying rates c. made of mostly nonliving extra-cellular matrix d. relatively few cells and widely separated from each other

47. Classification
Areolar
Fibrous
Adipose
Cartilage
Osseous (bone)
Blood

48. C. Areolar tissue – loose, space filling tissue, supports organs and skin, holds and conveys tissue fluids
a. Found – surrounds organs and capillaries

49. D. Fibrous tissue – dense, attaches muscles to bones or muscles, attaches bone to bone, withstands tension
a. Found – tendons and most ligaments

50. E. Adipose tissue – stores energy (fat), insulates, supports & protects organs
a. Found – under skin, around kidneys and heart, abdomen and hips

51. Nucleus
Giant vacuole of fat

52. Cartilage Tough but flexible No nerves or veins Slow regeneration
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

53. b. Hyaline Cartilage – most common type, resists compressive stress, supports and reinforces
Found – ends of long bones, ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx

54. c. Elastic Cartilage – more flexibility but still maintains shape
Found – ear, epiglottis
Elastic
fibers

55. d. Fibrocartilage – thick fibers, absorb compressive shock
Found – vertebrae, knee joint

56. G. Osseous tissue – hardest connective tissue, supports, protects, highly vascular, stores minerals
Found – bones

57. H. Blood tissue – fluid, transports nutrients and wastes
Found – inside blood vessels

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64. Four Types of Tissues

65. 13. Muscle tissue - contracts to allow body movement

66. Muscle Characteristics
a. Very vascular b. Large amounts of energy c. Lots of mitochondria d. Cells are usually long and slender

67. Classification
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

68. Skeletal muscle – move your skeleton
a. Voluntary muscle – we consciously control them
b. Striated – has narrow bands
c. Each cell has many nuclei

69. Skeletal Muscle

70. D. Smooth muscle – found in internal organs
a. Involuntary muscle – don’t consciously control them
b. Not striated – no narrow bands
c. Each cell only has one nucleus

71. Smooth Muscle

72. E. Cardiac Muscle – found only in the heart
a. Involuntary muscle
b. Striated and branched
7. Each cell has only one nucleus

73. help send nerve signals across a constantly beating heart
Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated disks
help send nerve signals across a constantly beating heart

74. Muscle Tissue

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81. 14. Nervous tissue - carries information throughout the body

82. Characteristics
a. Neurons - branching nerve cells b. Found – brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout body c. Almost no regeneration

83. Structure

84. 15. Tissue Repair
A. Inflammation – injured cells release chemicals, blood vessels dilate, clot forms, scab
Leads to…
Regeneration or
Fibrosis

85. Tissue Repair
a. Regeneration - replacing destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

86. Tissue Repair
b. Fibrosis - replace damaged tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar)

88. Regeneration depends on tissue type
Cartilage
Skeletal muscle
Skin
Bone
Nervous Tissue
Fibrous tissue
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Blood

89. What tissue regenerates well?
a. Regenerates Well: skin, bone, stomach, blood
b. Regenerates Poorly: cartilage, fibrous tissue, skeletal muscle
c. No regeneration: nervous, cardiac

90. Conditions affecting Repair
a. Blood supply-needs oxygen and nutrients
b. Age- heal faster when you’re younger
c. Nutrition-needed vitamins and minerals
Vitamins: A=healthy skin
C=immune system
D=bone
E=healing
K=blood clotting

91. 16. Issues with Tissues
A. Cancer – abnormal growth of cells a. Benign (kindly) – grow slowly, push around cells, localized b. Malignant (bad) – grow quickly, invade other cells, and travel

92. Carcinogens (cancer causers) include:
radiation
trauma
certain viral infections
chemicals (tobacco tars)
Cancer can arise from any tissue, but the most common are found in skin, lungs, colon, breast, and prostate
Treatments: cut, burn, poison

93. Colon Polyp

94. Oral cancer